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Guifang Li

Publications and source records attributed to Guifang Li.

9 recordsLinked to original sources
arXiv2025

Phase mask fabrication for multi-plane light conversion using grayscale lithography

Direct writing laser (DWL) grayscale lithography is introduced as a novel fabrication technique for multi-plane light conversion (MPLC) phase masks, enabling direct transfer of precise depth profiles onto substrates via reactive ion etching and subsequent reflective coating. An MPLC system employing these masks achieves 92% fidelity in converting a Gaussian (TEM (0,0)) input to a Laguerre-Gaussian (LG(0,0)) mode. The fabricated masks exhibit sub-10 nm vertical resolution, surface roughness below 3 nm, and an R-squared value of 0.976. This method provides a scalable alternative to conventional multi-step lithographic fabrication for advanced photonic systems.

physics.optics↗
arXiv2024

A mode-multiplexed photonic integrated vector dot-product core from inverse design

Photonic computing has the potential of harnessing the full degrees of freedom (DOFs) of the light field, including wavelength, spatial mode, spatial location, phase quadrature, and polarization, to achieve higher level of computation parallelization and scalability than digital electronic processors. While multiplexing using wavelength and other DOFs can be readily integrated on silicon photonics platforms with compact footprints, conventional mode-division multiplexed (MDM) photonic designs occupy areas exceeding tens to hundreds of microns for a few spatial modes, significantly limiting their scalability. Here we utilize inverse design to demonstrate an ultracompact photonic computing core that calculates vector dot-products based on MDM coherent mixing within a nominal footprint of 5 um x 3 um. Our dot-product core integrates the functionalities of 2 mode multiplexers and 1 multi-mode coherent mixers, all within the footprint, and could be applied to various computation and computer vision tasks, with high computing throughput density. We experimentally demonstrate computing examples on the fabricated core, including complex number multiplication and motion estimation using optical flow.

physics.optics↗
arXiv2023

A physical neural network training approach toward multi-plane light conversion design

Multi-plane light converter (MPLC) designs supporting hundreds of modes are attractive in high-throughput optical communications. These photonic structures typically comprise >10 phase masks in free space, with millions of independent design parameters. Conventional MPLC design using wavefront matching updates one mask at a time while fixing the rest. Here we construct a physical neural network (PNN) to model the light propagation and phase modulation in MPLC, providing access to the entire parameter set for optimization, including not only profiles of the phase masks and the distances between them. PNN training supports flexible optimization sequences and is a superset of existing MPLC design methods. In addition, our method allows tuning of hyperparameters of PNN training such as learning rate and batch size. Because PNN-based MPLC is found to be insensitive to the number of input and target modes in each training step, we have demonstrated a high-order MPLC design (45 modes) using mini batches that fit into the available computing resources.

eess.SP↗
arXiv2021

Impulse Response Characterization of a Commercial Multimode Fiber using Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detectors

Time-of-flight measurements are key to study distributed mode coupling and differential mode group delay (DMDG) in multimode fibers (MMFs). However, current approaches using regular photodetectors with limited sensitivity preclude the detection of weak modal interactions in such fibers masking interesting physical effects. Here we demonstrate the use of high-sensitivity superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) to measure the mode transfer matrix of a commercial graded-index multimode fiber. Two high performance 45-mode multi-plane light conversion (MPLC) devices served as the mode multiplexer/demultiplexer. Distributed mode coupling and DMDG among different mode groups are accurately quantified from the impulse response measurement. We also observed cladding modes of the MMF as a pedestal of the pulse in the measurement. This work paves way for applications such as quantum communications using many spatial modes of the fiber.

physics.optics↗
arXiv2021

Fixed-point iterative linear inverse solver with extended precision

Solving linear systems is a ubiquitous task in science and engineering. Because directly inverting a large-scale linear system can be computationally expensive, iterative algorithms are often used to numerically find the inverse. To accommodate the dynamic range and precision requirements, these iterative algorithms are often carried out on floating-point processing units. Low-precision, fixed-point processors require only a fraction of the energy per operation consumed by their floating-point counterparts, yet their current usages exclude iterative solvers due to the computational errors arising from fixed-point arithmetic. In this work, we show that for a simple iterative algorithm, such as Richardson iteration, using a fixed-point processor can provide the same rate of convergence and achieve high-precision solutions beyond its native precision limit when combined with residual iteration. These results indicate that power-efficient computing platform consisting of analog computing devices can be used to solve a broad range of problems without compromising the speed or precision.

math.NA↗
arXiv2020

Simultaneous Sorting of Wavelengths and Spatial Modes using Multi-Plane Light Conversion

We propose a wavelength-mode sorter realized by multi-plane light conversion (MPLC). For the first time, to our best knowledge, wavelengths and spatial modes can be sorted simultaneously. We first demonstrate pure wavelength sorting by a series of phase masks, which could find applications in high-power wavelength beam combining (WBC) or coarse wavelength-division multiplexing (CWDM), for example. We then present a design of a 4-wavelength, 3-mode sorter using only 5 phase masks. Insertion loss (IL) and mode dependent loss (MDL) as low as 1.27 dB and 2.45 dB can be achieved, respectively.

physics.optics↗
arXiv2020

Training of mixed-signal optical convolutional neural network with reduced quantization level

Mixed-signal artificial neural networks (ANNs) that employ analog matrix-multiplication accelerators can achieve higher speed and improved power efficiency. Though analog computing is known to be susceptible to noise and device imperfections, various analog computing paradigms have been considered as promising solutions to address the growing computing demand in machine learning applications, thanks to the robustness of ANNs. This robustness has been explored in low-precision, fixed-point ANN models, which have proven successful on compressing ANN model size on digital computers. However, these promising results and network training algorithms cannot be easily migrated to analog accelerators. The reason is that digital computers typically carry intermediate results with higher bit width, though the inputs and weights of each ANN layers are of low bit width; while the analog intermediate results have low precision, analogous to digital signals with a reduced quantization level. Here we report a training method for mixed-signal ANN with two types of errors in its analog signals, random noise, and deterministic errors (distortions). The results showed that mixed-signal ANNs trained with our proposed method can achieve an equivalent classification accuracy with noise level up to 50% of the ideal quantization step size. We have demonstrated this training method on a mixed-signal optical convolutional neural network based on diffractive optics.

eess.SP↗
arXiv2016

A systematic approach for designing zero-DGD coupled multi-core optical fibers

An analytical method is presented for designing N-coupled multi-core fibers with zero differential group delay. This approach effectively reduces the problem to a system of N-1 algebraic equations involving the associated coupling coefficients and propagation constants as obtained from coupled mode theory. Once the parameters of one of the cores are specified, the roots of the resulting N-1 equations can then be used to determine the characteristics of the remaining waveguide elements. Using this technique, a number of pertinent geometrical configurations are investigated in order to minimize intermodal dispersion.

physics.optics↗