Mechanics and structure of carbon black gels under high-power ultrasound
Colloidal gels made of carbon black particles dispersed in light mineral oil are "rheo-acoustic" materials, i.e., their mechanical and structural properties can be tuned using high-power ultrasound, sound waves with submicron amplitude and frequency larger than 20~kHz . The effects of high-power ultrasound on the carbon black gel are demonstrated using two experiments: rheology coupled to ultrasound to test for the gel mechanical response and a timeresolved ultra small-angle X-ray scattering experiment (TRUSAXS) coupled to ultrasound to test for structural changes within the gel. We show that high-power ultrasound above a critical amplitude leads to a complex viscoelastic transient response of the gels within a few seconds: a softening of its storage modulus accompanied by a strong overshoot in its loss modulus. Under high-power ultrasound, the gel displays a viscoelastic spectrum with glass-like features and a significant decrease in its yield strain. Those effects are attributed to the formation of intermittent micro-cracks in the bulk of the gel as evidenced by TRUSAXS. Provided that the shear rate is not large enough to fully fluidize the sample, high-power ultrasound also facilitates the flow of the gel, reducing its yield stress as well as increasing the shear-thinning index, thanks again to the formation of micro-cracks.