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H. Beust

Publications and source records attributed to H. Beust.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
arXiv2024

A catalogue of dual-field interferometric binary calibrators

Dual-field interferometric observations with VLTI/GRAVITY sometimes require the use of a "binary calibrator", a binary star whose individual components remain unresolved by the interferometer, with a separation between 400 and 2000 mas for observations with the Units Telescopes (UTs), or 1200 to 3000 mas for the Auxiliary Telescopes (ATs). The separation vector also needs to be predictable to within 10 mas for proper pointing of the instrument. Up until now, no list of properly vetted calibrators was available for dual-field observations with VLTI/GRAVITY on the UTs. Our objective is to compile such a list, and make it available to the community. We identify a list of candidates from the Washington Double Star (WDS) catalogue, all with appropriate separations and brightness, scattered over the Southern sky. We observe them as part of a dedicated calibration programme, and determine whether these objects are true binaries (excluding higher multiplicities resolved interferometrically but unseen by imaging), and extract measurements of the separation vectors. We combine these new measurements with those available in the WDS to determine updated orbital parameters for all our vetted calibrators. We compile a list of 13 vetted binary calibrators for observations with VLTI/GRAVITY on the UTs, and provide orbital estimates and astrometric predictions for each of them. We show that our list guarantees that there are always at least two binary calibrators at airmass < 2 in the sky over the Paranal observatory, at any point in time. Any Principal Investigator wishing to use the dual-field mode of VLTI/GRAVITY with the UTs can now refer to this list to select an appropriate calibrator. We encourage the use of "whereistheplanet" to predict the astrometry of these calibrators, which seamlessly integrates with "p2Gravity" for VLTI/GRAVITY dual-field observing material preparation.

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arXiv2024

Dynamics of the Beta Pictoris planetary system and its falling evaporating bodies

For decades, the spectral variations of Beta Pictoris have been modelled as the result of the evaporation of exocomets close to the star, termed falling evaporating bodies (FEBs). Resonant perturbations by a giant planet have been proposed to explain the dynamical origin of these stargrazers. The disk is now known to harbour two giant planets, Beta Pic b and c, orbiting the star at 9.9 au and 2.7 au. While the former almost matches the planet formerly suspected, the discovery of the latter complicates the picture. We first question the stability of the two-planet system. Then we investigate the dynamics of a disk of planetesimals orbiting the star with both planets to check the validity of the FEB generation mechanism. Symplectic N-body simulations are used to determine which regions of the planetesimal disk are dynamically stable. Then we focus on regions where disk particles are able to reach high eccentricities thanks to resonant mechanisms. The first result is that the system is dynamically stable. Both planets may temporarily fall in 7:1 mean motion resonance (MMR). Then, simulations reveal that the whole region extending between ~1.5 au and ~25 au is unstable to planetary perturbations. However, a disk below 1.5 au survives, which appears to constitute an active source of FEBs via high-order MMRs with Beta Pic c. Beta Pic b acts as a distant perturber that helps sustain the whole process. These simulations rule out the preceding FEB generation mechanism model, which placed their origin at around 4-5 au. Conversely, FEBs are likely to originate from a region much further in and related to MMRs with Beta Pic c. That mechanism also appears to last longer, as new planetesimals are able to continuously enter the MMRs and evolve towards the FEB state. Subsequently, the physical nature of the FEBs may differ from that previously thought, and presumably may not be icy.

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arXiv2023

VLTI/GRAVITY Provides Evidence the Young, Substellar Companion HD 136164 Ab formed like a "Failed Star"

Young, low-mass Brown Dwarfs orbiting early-type stars, with low mass ratios ($q\lesssim0.01$), appear intrinsically rare and present a formation dilemma: could a handful of these objects be the highest mass outcomes of ``planetary" formation channels (bottom up within a protoplanetary disk), or are they more representative of the lowest mass ``failed binaries" (formed via disk fragmentation, or core fragmentation)? Additionally, their orbits can yield model-independent dynamical masses, and when paired with wide wavelength coverage and accurate system age estimates, can constrain evolutionary models in a regime where the models have a wide dispersion depending on initial conditions. We present new interferometric observations of the $16\,\mathrm{Myr}$ substellar companion HD~136164~Ab (HIP~75056~Ab) with VLTI/GRAVITY and an updated orbit fit including proper motion measurements from the Hipparcos-Gaia Catalogue of Accelerations. We estimate a dynamical mass of $35\pm10\,\mathrm{M_J}$ ($q\sim0.02$), making HD~136164~Ab the youngest substellar companion with a dynamical mass estimate. The new mass and newly constrained orbital eccentricity ($e=0.44\pm0.03$) and separation ($22.5\pm1\,\mathrm{au}$) could indicate that the companion formed via the low-mass tail of the Initial Mass Function. Our atmospheric fit to the \texttt{SPHINX} M-dwarf model grid suggests a sub-solar C/O ratio of $0.45$, and $3\times$ solar metallicity, which could indicate formation in the circumstellar disk via disk fragmentation. Either way, the revised mass estimate likely excludes ``bottom-up" formation via core accretion in the circumstellar disk. HD~136164~Ab joins a select group of young substellar objects with dynamical mass estimates; epoch astrometry from future \textit{Gaia} data releases will constrain the dynamical mass of this crucial object further.

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arXiv2023

First VLTI/GRAVITY Observations of HIP 65426 b: Evidence for a Low or Moderate Orbital Eccentricity

Giant exoplanets have been directly imaged over orders of magnitude of orbital separations, prompting theoretical and observational investigations of their formation pathways. In this paper, we present new VLTI/GRAVITY astrometric data of HIP 65426 b, a cold, giant exoplanet which is a particular challenge for most formation theories at a projected separation of 92 au from its primary. Leveraging GRAVITY's astrometric precision, we present an updated eccentricity posterior that disfavors large eccentricities. The eccentricity posterior is still prior-dependent, and we extensively interpret and discuss the limits of the posterior constraints presented here. We also perform updated spectral comparisons with self-consistent forward-modeled spectra, finding a best fit ExoREM model with solar metallicity and C/O=0.6. An important caveat is that it is difficult to estimate robust errors on these values, which are subject to interpolation errors as well as potentially missing model physics. Taken together, the orbital and atmospheric constraints paint a preliminary picture of formation inconsistent with scattering after disk dispersal. Further work is needed to validate this interpretation. Analysis code used to perform this work is available at https://github.com/sblunt/hip65426.

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arXiv2023

VLTI/GRAVITY Observations and Characterization of the Brown Dwarf Companion HD 72946 B

Tension remains between the observed and modeled properties of substellar objects, but objects in binary orbits, with known dynamical masses can provide a way forward. HD 72946 B is a recently imaged brown dwarf companion to the nearby, solar type star. We achieve $\sim100~μ\mathrm{as}$ relative astrometry of HD 72946 B in the K-band using VLTI/GRAVITY, unprecedented for a benchmark brown dwarf. We fit an ensemble of measurements of the orbit using orbitize! and derive a strong dynamical mass constraint $\mathrm{M_B}=69.5\pm0.5~\mathrm{M_{Jup}}$ assuming a strong prior on the host star mass $\mathrm{M_A}=0.97\pm0.01~\mathrm{M_\odot}$ from an updated stellar analysis. We fit the spectrum of the companion to a grid of self-consistent BT-Settl-CIFIST model atmospheres, and perform atmospheric retrievals using petitRADTRANS. A dynamical mass prior only marginally influences the sampled distribution on effective temperature, but has a large influence on the surface gravity and radius, as expected. The dynamical mass alone does not strongly influence retrieved pressure-temperature or cloud parameters within our current retrieval setup. Independent of cloud prescription and prior assumptions, we find agreement within $\pm2\,σ$ between the C/O ratio of the host ($0.52\pm0.05)$ and brown dwarf ($0.43$ to $0.63$), as expected from a molecular cloud collapse formation scenario, but our retrieved metallicities are implausibly high ($0.6-0.8$) in light of an excellent agreement of the data with the solar abundance model grid. Future work on our retrieval framework will seek to resolve this tension. Additional study of low surface-gravity objects is necessary to assess the influence of a dynamical mass prior on atmospheric analysis.

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arXiv2023

On the radial distribution of giant exoplanets at Solar System scales

Context. Giant planets play a major role in multiple planetary systems. Knowing their demographics is important to test their overall impact on planetary systems formation. It is also important to test their formation processes. Recently, three radial velocity surveys have established radial distributions of giant planets. All show a steep increase up to 1-3 au, and two suggest a decrease beyond. Aims. We aim at understanding the limitations associated with the characterization of long-period giant radial velocity planets, and to estimate their impact on the radial distribution of these planets. Methods. We revisit the results obtained by two major surveys that derived such radial distributions, using the RV data available at the time of the surveys as well as, whenever possible, new data. Results. We show that the radial distributions published beyond (5-8 au) are not secure. More precisely, the decrease of the radial distribution beyond the peak at 1-3 au is not confirmed.

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arXiv2023

Direct discovery of the inner exoplanet in the HD206893 system. Evidence for deuterium burning in a planetary-mass companion

Long term precise radial velocity (RV) monitoring of the nearby star HD206893, as well as anomalies in the system proper motion, have suggested the presence of an additional, inner companion in the system. Here we describe the results of a multi-epoch search for the companion responsible for this RV drift and proper motion anomaly using the VLTI/GRAVITY instrument. Utilizing information from ongoing precision RV measurements with the HARPS spectrograph, as well as Gaia host star astrometry, we report a high significance detection of the companion HD206893c over three epochs, with clear evidence for Keplerian orbital motion. Our astrometry with $\sim$50-100 $μ$arcsec precision afforded by GRAVITY allows us to derive a dynamical mass of 12.7$^{+1.2}_{-1.0}$ M$_{\rm Jup}$ and an orbital separation of 3.53$^{+0.08}_{-0.06}$ au for HD206893c. Our fits to the orbits of both companions in the system utilize both Gaia astrometry and RVs to also provide a precise dynamical estimate of the previously uncertain mass of the B component, and therefore derive an age of $155\pm15$ Myr. We find that theoretical atmospheric/evolutionary models incorporating deuterium burning for HD206893c, parameterized by cloudy atmospheres provide a good simultaneous fit to the luminosity of both HD206893B and c. In addition to utilizing long-term RV information, this effort is an early example of a direct imaging discovery of a bona fide exoplanet that was guided in part with Gaia astrometry. Utilizing Gaia astrometry is expected to be one of the primary techniques going forward to identify and characterize additional directly imaged planets. Lastly, this discovery is another example of the power of optical interferometry to directly detect and characterize extrasolar planets where they form at ice-line orbital separations of 2-4\,au.

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arXiv2022

Chasing extreme planetary architectures: I- HD196885Ab, a super-Jupiter dancing with two stars?

Planet(s) in binaries are unique architectures for testing predictions of planetary formation and evolution theories in very hostile environments. We used the IRDIS dual-band imager of SPHERE at VLT, and the speckle interferometric camera HRCAM of SOAR, to acquire high-angular resolution images of HD 196885 AB between 2015 and 2020. Radial velocity observations have been extended over almost 40 yr extending the radial velocity measurements HD 196885 A and resolving both the binary companion and the inner giant planet HD 196885 Ab. Finally, we took advantage of the exquisite astrometric precision of the dual-field mode of VLTI/GRAVITY (down to 30 μas) to monitor the relative position of HD 196885 A and B to search for the 3.6 yr astrometric wobble of the circumprimary planet Ab imprinted on the binary separation. Our observations enable to accurately constrain the orbital properties of the binary HD 196885 AB, seen on an inclined and retrograde orbit (iAB = 120.43 deg) with a semi-major axis of 19.78 au, and an eccentricity of 0.417. The GRAVITY measurements confirm for the first time the nature of the inner planet HD 196885 Ab by rejecting all families of pole-on solutions in the stellar or brown dwarf masses. The most favored island of solutions is associated with a Jupiter-like planet (MAb = 3.39 MJup), with moderate eccentricity (eAaAb = 0.44), and inclination close to 143.04 deg. This results points toward a significant mutual inclination (Phi = 24.36 deg) between the orbital planes (relative to the star) of the binary companion B and the planet Ab. Our dynamical simulations indicate that the system is dynamically stable over time. Eccentricity and mutual inclination variations could be expected for moderate von Zipele Kozai Lidov cycles that may affect the inner planet.

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arXiv2022

In-depth direct imaging and spectroscopic characterization of the young Solar System analog HD 95086

Context. HD 95086 is a young nearby Solar System analog hosting a giant exoplanet orbiting at 57 au from the star between an inner and outer debris belt. The existence of additional planets has been suggested as the mechanism that maintains the broad cavity between the two belts. Aims. We present a dedicated monitoring of HD 95086 with the VLT/SPHERE instrument to refine the orbital and atmospheric properties of HD 95086 b, and to search for additional planets in this system. Methods. SPHERE observations, spread over ten epochs from 2015 to 2019 and including five new datasets, were used. Combined with archival observations, from VLT/NaCo (2012-2013) and Gemini/GPI (2013-2016), the extended set of astrometric measurements allowed us to refine the orbital properties of HD 95086 b. We also investigated the spectral properties and the presence of a circumplanetary disk around HD 95086 b by using the special fitting tool exploring the diversity of several atmospheric models. In addition, we improved our detection limits in order to search for a putative planet c via the K-Stacker algorithm. Results. We extracted for the first time the JH low-resolution spectrum of HD 95086 b by stacking the six best epochs, and confirm its very red spectral energy distribution. Combined with additional datasets from GPI and NaCo, our analysis indicates that this very red color can be explained by the presence of a circumplanetary disk around planet b, with a range of high-temperature solutions (1400-1600 K) and significant extinction (Av > 10 mag), or by a super-solar metallicity atmosphere with lower temperatures (800-1300 K), and small to medium amount of extinction (Av < 10 mag). We do not find any robust candidates for planet c, but give updated constraints on its potential mass and location.

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arXiv2021

The mass of Beta Pictoris c from Beta Pictoris b orbital motion

We aim to demonstrate that the presence and mass of an exoplanet can now be effectively derived from the astrometry of another exoplanet. We combined previous astrometry of $β$ Pictoris b with a new set of observations from the GRAVITY interferometer. The orbital motion of $β$ Pictoris b is fit using Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations in Jacobi coordinates. The inner planet, $β$ Pictoris c, was also reobserved at a separation of 96\,mas, confirming the previous orbital estimations. From the astrometry of planet b only, we can (i) detect the presence of $β$ Pictoris c and (ii) constrain its mass to $10.04^{+4.53}_{-3.10}\,M_{\rm Jup}$. If one adds the astrometry of $β$ Pictoris c, the mass is narrowed down to $9.15^{+1.08}_{-1.06}\,M_{\rm Jup}$. The inclusion of radial velocity measurements does not affect the orbital parameters significantly, but it does slightly decrease the mass estimate to $8.89^{+0.75}_{-0.75}\,M_{\rm Jup}$. With a semimajor axis of $2.68\pm0.02$\,au, a period of $1221\pm15$ days, and an eccentricity of $0.32\pm0.02$, the orbital parameters of $β$ Pictoris c are now constrained as precisely as those of $β$ Pictoris b. The orbital configuration is compatible with a high-order mean-motion resonance (7:1). The impact of the resonance on the planets' dynamics would then be negligible with respect to the secular perturbations, which might have played an important role in the eccentricity excitation of the outer planet.

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arXiv2021

GRAVITY K-band spectroscopy of HD 206893 B: brown dwarf or exoplanet

We aim to reveal the nature of the reddest known substellar companion HD 206893 B by studying its near-infrared colors and spectral morphology and by investigating its orbital motion. We fit atmospheric models for giant planets and brown dwarfs and perform spectral retrievals with petitRADTRANS and ATMO on the observed GRAVITY, SPHERE, and GPI spectra of HD 206893 B. To recover its unusual spectral features, we include additional extinction by high-altitude dust clouds made of enstatite grains in the atmospheric model fits. We also infer the orbital parameters of HD 206893 B by combining the $\sim 100~μ\text{as}$ precision astrometry from GRAVITY with data from the literature and constrain the mass and position of HD 206893 C based on the Gaia proper motion anomaly of the system. The extremely red color and the very shallow $1.4~μ\text{m}$ water absorption feature of HD 206893 B can be fit well with the adapted atmospheric models and spectral retrievals. Altogether, our analysis suggests an age of $\sim 3$-$300~\text{Myr}$ and a mass of $\sim 5$-$30~\text{M}_\text{Jup}$ for HD 206893 B, which is consistent with previous estimates but extends the parameter space to younger and lower-mass objects. The GRAVITY astrometry points to an eccentric orbit ($e = 0.29^{+0.06}_{-0.11}$) with a mutual inclination of $< 34.4~\text{deg}$ with respect to the debris disk of the system. While HD 206893 B could in principle be a planetary-mass companion, this possibility hinges on the unknown influence of the inner companion on the mass estimate of $10^{+5}_{-4}~\text{M}_\text{Jup}$ from radial velocity and Gaia as well as a relatively small but significant Argus moving group membership probability of $\sim 61\%$. However, we find that if the mass of HD 206893 B is $< 30~\text{M}_\text{Jup}$, then the inner companion HD 206893 C should have a mass between $\sim 8$-$15~\text{M}_\text{Jup}$.

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arXiv2021

The JADE code: Coupling secular exoplanetary dynamics and photo-evaporation

Close-in planets evolve under extreme conditions, raising questions about their origins and current nature. Two predominant mechanisms are orbital migration, which brings them close to their star, and atmospheric escape under the resulting increased irradiation. Yet, their relative roles remain unclear because we lack models that couple the two mechanisms with high precision on secular timescales. To address this need, we developed the JADE code, which simulates the secular atmospheric and dynamical evolution of a planet around its star, and can include the perturbation induced by a distant third body. On the dynamical side, the 3D evolution of the orbit is modeled under stellar and planetary tidal forces, a relativistic correction, and the action of the distant perturber. On the atmospheric side, the vertical structure of the atmosphere is integrated over time based on its thermodynamical properties, inner heating, and the evolving stellar irradiation, which results, in particular, in photo-evaporation. The JADE code is benchmarked on GJ436 b, prototype of evaporating giants on eccentric, misaligned orbits at the edge of the hot Neptunes desert. We confirm that its orbital architecture is well explained by Kozai migration and unveil a strong interplay between its atmospheric and orbital evolution. During the resonance phase, the atmosphere pulsates in tune with the Kozai cycles, which leads to stronger tides and an earlier migration. This triggers a strong evaporation several Gyr after the planet formed, refining the paradigm that mass loss is dominant in the early age of close-in planets. This suggests that the edge of the desert could be formed of warm Neptunes whose evaporation was delayed by migration. It strengthens the importance of coupling atmospheric and dynamical evolution over secular timescales, which the JADE code will allow simulating for a wide range of systems.

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arXiv2021

Constraining the Nature of the PDS 70 Protoplanets with VLTI/GRAVITY

We present K-band interferometric observations of the PDS 70 protoplanets along with their host star using VLTI/GRAVITY. We obtained K-band spectra and 100 $μ$as precision astrometry of both PDS 70 b and c in two epochs, as well as spatially resolving the hot inner disk around the star. Rejecting unstable orbits, we found a nonzero eccentricity for PDS 70 b of $0.17 \pm 0.06$, a near-circular orbit for PDS 70 c, and an orbital configuration that is consistent with the planets migrating into a 2:1 mean motion resonance. Enforcing dynamical stability, we obtained a 95% upper limit on the mass of PDS 70 b of 10 $M_\textrm{Jup}$, while the mass of PDS 70 c was unconstrained. The GRAVITY K-band spectra rules out pure blackbody models for the photospheres of both planets. Instead, the models with the most support from the data are planetary atmospheres that are dusty, but the nature of the dust is unclear. Any circumplanetary dust around these planets is not well constrained by the planets' 1-5 $μ$m spectral energy distributions (SEDs) and requires longer wavelength data to probe with SED analysis. However with VLTI/GRAVITY, we made the first observations of a circumplanetary environment with sub-au spatial resolution, placing an upper limit of 0.3~au on the size of a bright disk around PDS 70 b.

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arXiv2021

The ExoGRAVITY project: using single mode interferometry to characterize exoplanets

Combining adaptive optics and interferometric observations results in a considerable contrast gain compared to single-telescope, extreme AO systems. Taking advantage of this, the ExoGRAVITY project is a survey of known young giant exoplanets located in the range of 0.1'' to 2'' from their stars. The observations provide astrometric data of unprecedented accuracy, being crucial for refining the orbital parameters of planets and illuminating their dynamical histories. Furthermore, GRAVITY will measure non-Keplerian perturbations due to planet-planet interactions in multi-planet systems and measure dynamical masses. Over time, repetitive observations of the exoplanets at medium resolution ($R=500$) will provide a catalogue of K-band spectra of unprecedented quality, for a number of exoplanets. The K-band has the unique properties that it contains many molecular signatures (CO, H$_2$O, CH$_4$, CO$_2$). This allows constraining precisely surface gravity, metallicity, and temperature, if used in conjunction with self-consistent models like Exo-REM. Further, we will use the parameter-retrieval algorithm petitRADTRANS to constrain the C/O ratio of the planets. Ultimately, we plan to produce the first C/O survey of exoplanets, kick-starting the difficult process of linking planetary formation with measured atomic abundances.

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arXiv2020

Direct confirmation of the radial-velocity planet $β$ Pic c

Methods used to detect giant exoplanets can be broadly divided into two categories: indirect and direct. Indirect methods are more sensitive to planets with a small orbital period, whereas direct detection is more sensitive to planets orbiting at a large distance from their host star. %, and thus on long orbital period. This dichotomy makes it difficult to combine the two techniques on a single target at once. Simultaneous measurements made by direct and indirect techniques offer the possibility of determining the mass and luminosity of planets and a method of testing formation models. Here, we aim to show how long-baseline interferometric observations guided by radial-velocity can be used in such a way. We observed the recently-discovered giant planet $β$ Pictoris c with GRAVITY, mounted on the Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI). This study constitutes the first direct confirmation of a planet discovered through radial velocity. We find that the planet has a temperature of $T = 1250\pm50$\,K and a dynamical mass of $M = 8.2\pm0.8\,M_{\rm Jup}$. At $18.5\pm2.5$\,Myr, this puts $β$ Pic c close to a 'hot start' track, which is usually associated with formation via disk instability. Conversely, the planet orbits at a distance of 2.7\,au, which is too close for disk instability to occur. The low apparent magnitude ($M_{\rm K} = 14.3 \pm 0.1$) favours a core accretion scenario. We suggest that this apparent contradiction is a sign of hot core accretion, for example, due to the mass of the planetary core or the existence of a high-temperature accretion shock during formation.

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arXiv2020

VLT/SPHERE survey for exoplanets around young, early-type stars including systems with multi-belt architectures

Dusty debris disks around pre- and main-sequence stars are potential signposts for the existence of planetesimals and exoplanets. Giant planet formation is therefore expected to play a key role in the evolution of the disk. This is indirectly confirmed by extant sub-millimeter near-infrared images of young protoplanetary and cool dusty debris disks around main sequence stars usually showing substantial spatial structures. A majority of recent discoveries of imaged giant planets have been obtained around young, early-type stars hosting a circumstellar disk. In this context, we have carried out a direct imaging program designed to maximize our chances of giant planet discovery and targeting twenty-two young, early-type stars. About half of them show indication of multi-belt architectures. Using the IRDIS dual-band imager and the IFS integral field spectrograph of SPHERE to acquire high-constrast coronagraphic differential near-infrared images, we have conducted a systematic search in the close environment of these young, dusty and early-type stars. We confirmed that companions detected around HIP 34276, HIP 101800 and HIP 117452 are stationary background sources and binary companions. The companion candidates around HIP 8832, HIP 16095 and HIP 95619 are determined as background contamination. For stars for which we infer the presence of debris belts, a theoretical minimum mass for planets required to clear the debris gaps can be calculated . The dynamical mass limit is at least $0.1 M_J$ and can exceed $1 M_J$. Direct imaging data is typically sensitive to planets down to $\sim 3.6 M_J$ at 1 $''$, and $1.7 M_J$ in the best case. These two limits tightly constrain the possible planetary systems present around each target. These systems will be probably detectable with the next generation of planet imagers.

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arXiv2020

K-Stacker, an algorithm to hack the orbital parameters of planets hidden in high-contrast imaging. First applications to VLT SPHERE multi-epoch observations

Recent high-contrast imaging surveys, looking for planets in young, nearby systems showed evidence of a small number of giant planets at relatively large separation beyond typically 20 au where those surveys are the most sensitive. Access to smaller physical separations between 5 and 20 au is the next step for future planet imagers on 10 m telescopes and ELTs in order to bridge the gap with indirect techniques (radial velocity, transit, astrometry with Gaia). In that context, we recently proposed a new algorithm, Keplerian-Stacker, combining multiple observations acquired at different epochs and taking into account the orbital motion of a potential planet present in the images to boost the ultimate detection limit. We showed that this algorithm is able to find planets in time series of simulated images of SPHERE even when a planet remains undetected at one epoch. Here, we validate the K-Stacker algorithm performances on real SPHERE datasets, to demonstrate its resilience to instrumental speckles and the gain offered in terms of true detection. This will motivate future dedicated multi-epoch observation campaigns in high-contrast imaging to search for planets in emitted and reflected light. Results. We show that K-Stacker achieves high success rate when the SNR of the planet in the stacked image reaches 7. The improvement of the SNR ratio goes as the square root of the total exposure time. During the blind test and the redetection of HD 95086 b, and betaPic b, we highlight the ability of K-Stacker to find orbital solutions consistent with the ones derived by the state of the art MCMC orbital fitting techniques, confirming that in addition to the detection gain, K-Stacker offers the opportunity to characterize the most probable orbital solutions of the exoplanets recovered at low signal to noise.

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arXiv2019

Peering into the formation history of beta Pictoris b with VLTI/GRAVITY long baseline interferometry

Our objective is to estimate the C/O ratio in the atmosphere of beta Pictoris b and obtain an estimate of the dynamical mass of the planet, as well as to refine its orbital parameters using high-precision astrometry. We used the GRAVITY instrument with the four 8.2 m telescopes of the Very Large Telescope Interferometer to obtain K-band spectro-interferometric data on $β$ Pic b. We extracted a medium resolution (R=500) K-band spectrum of the planet and a high-precision astrometric position. We estimated the planetary C/O ratio using two different approaches (forward modeling and free retrieval) from two different codes (ExoREM and petitRADTRANS, respectively). Finally, we used a simplified model of two formation scenarios (gravitational collapse and core-accretion) to determine which can best explain the measured C/O ratio. Our new astrometry disfavors a circular orbit for $β$ Pic b ($e=0.15^{+0.05}_{-0.04}$). Combined with previous results and with Hipparcos/GAIA measurements, this astrometry points to a planet mass of $M = 12.7\pm{}2.2\,M_\mathrm{Jup}$. This value is compatible with the mass derived with the free-retrieval code petitRADTRANS using spectral data only. The forward modeling and free-retrieval approches yield very similar results regarding the atmosphere of beta Pic b. In particular, the C/O ratios derived with the two codes are identical ($0.43\pm{}0.05$ vs $0.43^{+0.04}_{-0.03}$). We argue that if the stellar C/O in $β$ Pic is Solar, then this combination of a very high mass and a low C/O ratio for the planet suggests a formation through core-accretion, with strong planetesimal enrichment.

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