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H. C. Zhang

Publications and source records attributed to H. C. Zhang.

2 recordsLinked to original sources

Information Loss in Generalized Symmetry Breaking

We present an algebraic and information-theoretic framework for the breaking of generalized, non-invertible symmetries in $(2+1)$ dimensions. Such patterns are modeled as inclusions of finite-dimensional $C^*$-algebras equipped with conditional expectations, built upon a precise dictionary with anyon condensation in topological phases of matter. The conditional expectations are quantum channels that coarse-grain observables of the parent phase onto the symmetry-reduced condensed phase; their index --- a Watatani index equal to the quantum dimension of the condensate --- bounds, through its logarithm, the relative entropy between a state and its condensed image. This relative entropy serves as an entropic order parameter quantifying the information lost in the symmetry-reduction transition. We illustrate the framework with explicit examples: the toric code, abelian groups $Z_N$, and the representation category Rep$(S_3)$. Our results strengthen the connections between operator algebras and quantum information in the study of generalized symmetries.

quant-ph

The first kinematic determination of million-year precession period of AGNs

Short precession periods like 164d of SS433 can be well determined by observations of time scales longer or much longer than the precession period. However, it doesn't work for sources with precession periods of millions of years. This paper utilizes the particular morphologies of X-shaped sources, so that the 3 dimension kinematics of lobes can be obtained. Thus, for the first time, the million-year precession period of X-shaped sources by observer on the Earth can be determined elegantly: $(6.1\pm 1.5)$Myr, $(1.8\pm 0.5)$Myr, and $(3.2\pm 1.2)$Myr for 3C52, 3C223.1 and 4C12.03 respectively. The result naturally explains the asymmetry displayed in the morphology of these sources, and the effect of propagation time on the diversity of morphologies is well demonstrated. The precession period may originate from long-term effects of a binary super-massive black hole system, which is a potential source of gravitational wave radiation.

astro-ph.GA