arXiv subjects
Publications and source records attributed to H. Khosravi.
We prove that the set of right 4-Engel elements of a group $G$ is a subgroup for locally nilpotent groups $G$ without elements of orders 2, 3 or 5; and in this case the normal closure $ ^G$ is nilpotent of class at most 7 for each right 4-Engel elements $x$ of $G$.
Let $R_n(G)$ denotes the set of all right $n$-Engel elements of a group $G$. We show that in any group $G$ whose 5th term of lower central series has no element of order 2, $R_3(G)$ is a subgroup. Furthermore we prove that $R_4(G)$ is a subgroup for locally nilpotent groups $G$ without elements of orders 2, 3 or 5; and in this case the normal closure $ ^G$ is nilpotent of class at most 7 for each $x\in R_4(G)$. Using a group constructed by Newman and Nickel we also show that, for each $n\geq 5$, there exists a nilpotent group of class $n+2$ containing a right $n$-Engel element $x$ and an element $a\in G$ such that both $[x^{-1},_n a]$ and $[x^{k},_n a]$ are of infinite order for all integers $k\geq 2$. We finish the paper by proving that at least one of the following happens: (1) There is an infinite finitely generated $k$-Engel group of exponent $n$ for some positive integer $k$ and some 2-power number $n$. (2) There is a group generated by finitely many bounded left Engel elements which is not an Engel group.
In this paper we study left and right 4-Engel elements of a group. In particular, we prove that $ $ is nilpotent of class at most 4, whenever $a$ is any element and $b^{\pm 1}$ are right 4-Engel elements or $a^{\pm 1}$ are left 4-Engel elements and $b$ is an arbitrary element of $G$. Furthermore we prove that for any prime $p$ and any element $a$ of finite $p$-power order in a group $G$ such that $a^{\pm 1}\in L_4(G)$, $a^4$, if $p=2$, and $a^p$, if $p$ is an odd prime number, is in the Baer radical of $G$.
An explicit calculation of Casimir effect through an alternative approach of field quantization [1, 2], has been presented in this paper. In this method, the auxiliary negative norm states have been utilized, the modes of which do not interact with the physical states or real physical world. Naturally these modes cannot be affected by the physical boundary conditions. Presence of negative norm states play the rule of an automatic renormalization device for the theory.