arXiv subjects

H. Leeb

Publications and source records attributed to H. Leeb.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Energy-differential measurement of the $^{\mathrm{nat}}$C(n,p) and $^{\mathrm{nat}}$C(n,d) reactions at the n_TOF facility at CERN

Energy-differential cross section of the $^{\mathrm{nat}}$C(n,p) and $^{\mathrm{nat}}$C(n,d) reactions was measured at the neutron time of flight facility n_TOF at CERN. The measurement was performed in the first experimental area (EAR1; flight path of 182.5 m). Two position-sensitive $\Delta E$-$E$ silicon telescopes were used. Two naturally occurring carbon isotopes, $^{12}$C and $^{13}$C, contribute to the reactions on natural carbon, with the (n,p) reaction threshold at 13.7 MeV and the (n,d) threshold at 14.9 MeV (determined by the $^{12}$C isotope for both reactions). This paper provides the details of the analysis leading to the final results published previously as a Letter. The cross section results are reported up to 25 MeV. During the data analysis the population of the excited states in the daughter nuclei $^{11}$B, $^{12}$B, $^{13}$B had to be considered, requiring the adoption of the branching ratios and angular distributions of the emitted particles from an external source of information. TALYS-2.0 calculations were used as the main source and an in-depth analysis of the model-related uncertainties was performed. The n_TOF results are largely inconsistent with the major evaluation libraries. On the other hand, an unexpected agreement is found with TALYS-2.0 calculations. Specifically, the obtained cross section for the (n,p) reaction is significantly higher than in the available evaluations, fully supporting the earlier finding from an integral measurement at n_TOF.

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arXiv2025

Measurement of the $^\text{nat}$C(n,p) and $^\text{nat}$C(n,d) reactions from n_TOF at CERN

The energy dependence of the cross section of the (n,p) and (n,d) reactions on $^\text{nat}$C has been studied for the first time at the n_TOF facility at CERN, from the particle detection threshold up to 25 MeV. The measurement was performed with two telescopes made of position-sensitive silicon $\Delta E$-$E$ detectors, covering the angular range from 20{\deg} to 140{\deg}. A detector efficiency has been determined by means of Monte Carlo simulations of the experimental setup. Various assumptions on the angular distributions and branching ratios of the excited levels of the residual $^{11}$B, $^{12}$B, $^{13}$B nuclei were considered. In particular, theoretical calculations based on the TALYS-2.0 code were used and the systematic uncertainties in the analysis results were determined from the variations in these distributions. The n_TOF data on the (n,p) and (n,d) reaction on carbon are characterized by a higher accuracy and wider energy range than currently available in literature. A comparison with current evaluations from different libraries reveals a rather significant disagreement with the n_TOF results, while a remarkable agreement is observed with the prediction of TALYS-2.0 for this light element.

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arXiv2024

Radiative neutron capture cross section of $^{242}$Pu measured at n_TOF-EAR1 in the unresolved resonance region up to 600 keV

Accurate neutron capture cross sections are essential for the design and operation of fast reactors using MOX fuels. For $^{242}$Pu, the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) recommends 8--12% accuracy in the fast energy region (2--500 keV), compared to the current uncertainty of 35%. Moreover, integral experiments and previous measurements suggest the evaluated $^{242}$Pu(n,$\gamma$) cross section is overestimated, particularly in the JEFF-3.3 library, which shows a 14% overestimation between 1 keV and 1 MeV. Recent measurements from LANSCE reported a 20--30% reduction in the 1--40 keV range relative to evaluations. To solve these discrepancies, the $^{242}$Pu(n,$\gamma$) cross section was measured from 1 to 600 keV at CERN n_TOF-EAR1 facility using a 95(4) mg $^{242}$Pu target, enriched to 99.959%. Gamma rays from neutron capture were detected with an array of C$_6$D$_6$ scintillators and a novel application of the Pulse Height Weighting Technique was employed. The resulting cross section presents a systematic uncertainty between 8 and 12%, reducing the current uncertainties of 35\% and achieving the accuracy requested by the NEA. Analysis using FITACS produced average resonance parameters, consistent with the analysis of the resolved resonance region. Our data align well with Wisshak and Kaeppeler, and are 10--14\% lower than JEFF-3.3 in the 1--250 keV range, helping to achieve consistency with integral benchmarks. At higher energies, our results are in reasonable agreement with ENDF/B-VIII.1 and JEFF-3.3. In contrast, DANCE results appear to underestimate the cross section by a factor of 2--3 above a few keV.

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arXiv2024

Measurement and analysis of the $^{246}$Cm and $^{248}$Cm neutron capture cross-sections at the EAR2 of the n TOF facility

The $^{246}$Cm(n,$\gamma$) and $^{248}$Cm(n,$\gamma$) cross-sections have been measured at the Experimental Area 2 (EAR2) of the n_TOF facility at CERN with three C$_6$D$_6$ detectors. This measurement is part of a collective effort to improve the capture cross-section data for Minor Actinides (MAs), which are required to estimate the production and transmutation rates of these isotopes in light water reactors and innovative reactor systems. In particular, the neutron capture in $^{246}$Cm and $^{248}$Cm open the path for the formation of other Cm isotopes and heavier elements such as Bk and Cf and the knowledge of (n,$\gamma$) cross-sections of these Cm isotopes plays an important role in the transport, transmutation and storage of the spent nuclear fuel. The reactions $^{246}$Cm(n,$\gamma$) and $^{248}$Cm(n,$\gamma$) have been the two first capture measurements analyzed at n_TOF EAR2. Until this experiment and two recent measurements performed at J-PARC, there was only one set of data of the capture cross-sections of $^{246}$Cm and $^{248}$Cm, that was obtained in 1969 in an underground nuclear explosion experiment. In the measurement at n_TOF a total of 13 resonances of $^{246}$Cm between 4 and 400 eV and 5 of $^{248}$Cm between 7 and 100 eV have been identified and fitted. The radiative kernels obtained for $^{246}$Cm are compatible with JENDL-5, but some of them are not with JENDL-4, which has been adopted by JEFF-3.3 and ENDF/B-VIII.0. The radiative kernels obtained for the first three $^{248}$Cm resonances are compatible with JENDL-5, however, the other two are not compatible with any other evaluation and are 20% and 60% larger than JENDL-5.

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arXiv2022

Measurement of the $^{14}$N(n,p)$^{14}$C cross section at the CERN n_TOF facility from sub-thermal energy to 800 keV

Background: The $^{14}$N(n,p)$^{14}$C reaction is of interest in neutron capture therapy, where nitrogen-related dose is the main component due to low-energy neutrons, and in astrophysics, where 14N acts as a neutron poison in the s-process. Several discrepancies remain between the existing data obtained in partial energy ranges: thermal energy, keV region and resonance region. Purpose: Measuring the 14N(n,p)14C cross section from thermal to the resonance region in a single measurement for the first time, including characterization of the first resonances, and providing calculations of Maxwellian averaged cross sections (MACS). Method: Time-of-flight technique. Experimental Area 2 (EAR-2) of the neutron time-of-flight (n_TOF) facility at CERN. $^{10}$B(n,${\alpha}$)$^7$Li and $^{235}$U(n,f) reactions as references. Two detection systems running simultaneously, one on-beam and another off-beam. Description of the resonances with the R-matrix code sammy. Results: The cross section has been measured from sub-thermal energy to 800 keV resolving the two first resonances (at 492.7 and 644 keV). A thermal cross-section (1.809$\pm$0.045 b) lower than the two most recent measurements by slightly more than one standard deviation, but in line with the ENDF/B-VIII.0 and JEFF-3.3 evaluations has been obtained. A 1/v energy dependence of the cross section has been confirmed up to tens of keV neutron energy. The low energy tail of the first resonance at 492.7 keV is lower than suggested by evaluated values, while the overall resonance strength agrees with evaluations. Conclusions: Our measurement has allowed to determine the $^{14}$N(n,p) cross-section over a wide energy range for the first time. We have obtained cross-sections with high accuracy (2.5 %) from sub-thermal energy to 800 keV and used these data to calculate the MACS for kT = 5 to kT = 100 keV.

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arXiv2022

High accuracy, high resolution 235U(n,f) cross section from n_TOF (CERN) in the thermal to 10 keV energy range

The 235U(n,f) cross section was measured in a wide energy range (25 meV - 170 keV) at the n_TOF facility at CERN, relative to 6Li(n,t) and 10B(n,alpha) standard reactions, with high resolution and accuracy, with a setup based on a stack of six samples and six silicon detectors placed in the neutron beam. In this paper we report on the results in the region between thermal and 10 keV neutron energy. A resonance analysis has been performed up to 200 eV, with the code SAMMY. The resulting fission kernels are compared with the ones extracted on the basis of the resonance parameters of the most recent major evaluated data libraries. A comparison of the n_TOF data with the evaluated cross sections is also performed from thermal to 10 keV neutron energy for the energy-averaged cross section in energy groups of suitably chosen width. A good agreement is found in average between the new results and the latest evaluated data files ENDF-B/VIII and JEFF-3.3, as well as with respect to the IAEA reference files. However, some discrepancies are still present in some specific energy regions. The new dataset here presented, characterized by unprecedented resolution and accuracy, can help improving the evaluations in the Resolved Resonance Region and up to 10 keV, and reduce the uncertainties that affect this region.

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arXiv2022

The $^{7}$Be(n,p)$^{7}$Li reaction and the Cosmological Lithium Problem: measurement of the cross section in a wide energy range at n_TOF (CERN)

We report on the measurement of the $^{7}$Be($n, p$)$^{7}$Li cross section from thermal to approximately 325 keV neutron energy, performed in the high-flux experimental area (EAR2) of the n_TOF facility at CERN. This reaction plays a key role in the lithium yield of the Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN) for standard cosmology. The only two previous time-of-flight measurements performed on this reaction did not cover the energy window of interest for BBN, and showed a large discrepancy between each other. The measurement was performed with a Si-telescope, and a high-purity sample produced by implantation of a $^{7}$Be ion beam at the ISOLDE facility at CERN. While a significantly higher cross section is found at low-energy, relative to current evaluations, in the region of BBN interest the present results are consistent with the values inferred from the time-reversal $^{7}$Li($p, n$)$^{7}$Be reaction, thus yielding only a relatively minor improvement on the so-called Cosmological Lithium Problem (CLiP). The relevance of these results on the near-threshold neutron production in the p+$^{7}$Li reaction is also discussed.

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arXiv2020

Imaging neutron capture cross sections: i-TED proof-of-concept and future prospects based on Machine-Learning techniques

i-TED is an innovative detection system which exploits Compton imaging techniques to achieve a superior signal-to-background ratio in ($n,\gamma$) cross-section measurements using time-of-flight technique. This work presents the first experimental validation of the i-TED apparatus for high-resolution time-of-flight experiments and demonstrates for the first time the concept proposed for background rejection. To this aim both $^{197}$Au($n,\gamma$) and $^{56}$Fe($n, \gamma$) reactions were measured at CERN n\_TOF using an i-TED demonstrator based on only three position-sensitive detectors. Two \cds detectors were also used to benchmark the performance of i-TED. The i-TED prototype built for this study shows a factor of $\sim$3 higher detection sensitivity than state-of-the-art \cds detectors in the $\sim$10~keV neutron energy range of astrophysical interest. This paper explores also the perspectives of further enhancement in performance attainable with the final i-TED array consisting of twenty position-sensitive detectors and new analysis methodologies based on Machine-Learning techniques.

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arXiv2019

Fission Fragment Angular Anisotropy in Neutron-Induced Fission of $^{235}$U Measured with a Time Projection Chamber

Fission fragment angular distributions can provide an important constraint on fission theory, improving predictive fission codes, and are a prerequisite for a precise ratio cross section measurement. Available anisotropy data is sparse, especially at neutron energies above 5 MeV. For the first time, a three-dimensional tracking detector is employed to study fragment emission angles and provide a direct measurement of angular anisotropy. The Neutron Induced Fission Fragment Tracking Experiment (NIFFTE) collaboration has deployed the fission time projection chamber (fissionTPC) to measure nuclear data with unprecedented precision. The fission fragment anisotropy of $^{235}$U has been measured over a wide range of incident neutron energies from 180 keV to 200 MeV; a careful study of the systematic uncertainties complement the data.

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arXiv2019

Measurement of the 235U(n,f) cross section relative to the 6Li(n,t) and 10B(n,alpha) standards from thermal to 170 keV neutron energy range at n_TOF

The 235U(n,f) cross section was measured in a wide energy range at n_TOF relative to 6Li(n,t) and 10B(n,alpha), with high resolution and in a wide energy range, with a setup based on a stack of six samples and six silicon detectors placed in the neutron beam. This allowed us to make a direct comparison of the reaction yields under the same experimental conditions, and taking into account the forward/backward emission asymmetry. A hint of an anomaly in the 10÷30 keV neutron energy range had been previously observed in other experiments, indicating a cross section systematically lower by several percent relative to major evaluations. The present results indicate that the evaluated cross section in the 9÷18 keV neutron energy range is indeed overestimated, both in the recent updates of ENDF/B-VIII.0 and of the IAEA reference data. Furthermore, these new high-resolution data confirm the existence of resonance-like structures in the keV neutron energy region. The new, high accuracy results here reported may lead to a reduction of the uncertainty in the 1÷100 keV neutron energy region. Finally, the present data provide additional confidence on the recently re-evaluated cross section integral between 7.8 and 11 eV.

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arXiv2018

The $^{7}$Be($\boldsymbol{n,p}$)$^{7}$Li reaction and the Cosmological Lithium Problem: measurement of the cross section in a wide energy range at n_TOF (CERN)

We report on the measurement of the $^{7}$Be($n, p$)$^{7}$Li cross section from thermal to approximately 325 keV neutron energy, performed in the high-flux experimental area (EAR2) of the n\_TOF facility at CERN. This reaction plays a key role in the lithium yield of the Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN) for standard cosmology. The only two previous time-of-flight measurements performed on this reaction did not cover the energy window of interest for BBN, and showed a large discrepancy between each other. The measurement was performed with a Si-telescope, and a high-purity sample produced by implantation of a $^{7}$Be ion beam at the ISOLDE facility at CERN. While a significantly higher cross section is found at low-energy, relative to current evaluations, in the region of BBN interest the present results are consistent with the values inferred from the time-reversal $^{7}$Li($p, n$)$^{7}$Be reaction, thus yielding only a relatively minor improvement on the so-called Cosmological Lithium Problem (CLiP). The relevance of these results on the near-threshold neutron production in the p+$^{7}$Li reaction is also discussed.

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arXiv2018

Cross section measurements of $^{155,157}$Gd(n,$γ$) induced by thermal and epithermal neutrons

Neutron capture measurements on $^{155}$Gd and $^{157}$Gd were performed using the time-of-flight technique at the n\_TOF facility at CERN. Four samples in form of self-sustaining metallic discs isotopically enriched in $^{155}$Gd and $^{157}$Gd were used. The measurements were carried out at the experimental area (EAR1) at 185 m from the neutron source, with an array of 4 C$_6$D$_6$ liquid scintillation detectors. The capture cross sections of $^{155}$Gd and $^{157}$Gd at neutron kinetic energy of 0.0253 eV have been estimated to be 62.2(2.2) kb and 239.8(9.3) kb, respectively, thus up to 6\% different relative to the ones reported in the nuclear data libraries. A resonance shape analysis has been performed in the resolved resonance region up to 180 eV and 300 eV, respectively, in average resonance parameters have been found in good agreement with evaluations. Above these energies the observed resonance-like structures in the cross section have been tentatively characterised in terms of resonance energy and area up to 1 keV.

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arXiv2017

Experimental setup and procedure for the measurement of the 7Be(n,p)7Li reaction at n_TOF

Following the completion of the second neutron beam line and the related experimental area (EAR2) at the n_TOF spallation neutron source at CERN, several experiments were planned and performed. The high instantaneous neutron flux available in EAR2 allows to investigate neutron indiced reactions with charged particles in the exit channel even employing targets made out of small amounts of short-lived radioactive isotopes. After the successful measurement of the 7Be(n,α)α cross section, the 7Be(n,p)7Li reaction was studied in order to provide still missing cross section data of relevance for Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN), in an attempt to find a solution to the cosmological Lithium abundance problem. This paper describes the experimental setup employed in such a measurement and its characterization.

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arXiv2016

Neutron capture cross section measurement of 238U at the n TOF CERN facility with C6D6 scintillation detectors in the energy region from 1 eV to 700 keV

The aim of this work is to provide a precise and accurate measurement of the 238U(n,g) reaction cross section in the energy region from 1 eV to 700 keV. This reaction is of fundamental importance for the design calculations of nuclear reactors, governing the behaviour of the reactor core. In particular, fast reactors, which are experiencing a growing interest for their ability to burn radioactive waste, operate in the high energy region of the neutron spectrum. In this energy region most recent evaluations disagree due to inconsistencies in the existing measurements of up to 15%. In addition, the assessment of nuclear data uncertainty performed for innovative reactor systems shows that the uncertainty in the radiative capture cross-section of 238U should be further reduced to 1-3% in the energy region from 20 eV to 25 keV. To this purpose, addressed by the Nuclear Energy Agency as a priority nuclear data need, complementary experiments, one at the GELINA and two at the n_TOF facility, were proposed and carried out within the 7th Framework Project ANDES of the European Commission. The results of one of these 238U(n,g) measurements performed at the n_TOF CERN facility are presented in this work. The gamma-ray cascade following the radiative neutron capture has been detected exploiting a setup of two C6D6 liquid scintillators. Resonance parameters obtained from this work are on average in excellent agreement with the ones reported in evaluated libraries. In the unresolved resonance region, this work yields a cross section in agreement with evaluated libraries up to 80 keV, while for higher energies our results are significantly higher.

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arXiv2016

Integral measurement of the $^{12}$C(n,p)$^{12}$B reaction up to 10 GeV

The integral measurement of the $^{12}$C(n,p)$^{12}$B reaction was performed at the neutron time of flight facility n_TOF at CERN. The total number of $^{12}$B nuclei produced per neutron pulse of the n_TOF beam was determined using the activation technique in combination with a time of flight technique. The cross section is integrated over the n_TOF neutron energy spectrum from reaction threshold at 13.6 MeV to 10 GeV. Having been measured up to 1 GeV on basis of the $^{235}$U(n,f) reaction, the neutron energy spectrum above 200 MeV has been reevaluated due to the recent extension of the cross section reference for this particular reaction, which is otherwise considered a standard up to 200 MeV. The results from the dedicated GEANT4 simulations have been used to evaluate the neutron flux from 1 GeV up to 10 GeV. The experimental results related to the $^{12}$C(n,p)$^{12}$B reaction are compared with the evaluated cross sections from major libraries and with the predictions of different GEANT4 models, which mostly underestimate the $^{12}$B production. On the contrary, a good reproduction of the integral cross section derived from measurements is obtained with TALYS-1.6 calculations, with optimized parameters.

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arXiv2016

Experimental setup and procedure for the measurement of the 7Be(n,α)α reaction at n_TOF

The newly built second experimental area EAR2 of the n_TOF spallation neutron source at CERN allows to perform (n, charged particles) experiments on short-lived highly radioactive targets. This paper describes a detection apparatus and the experimental procedure for the determination of the cross-section of the 7Be(n,α) reaction, which represents one of the focal points toward the solution of the cosmological Lithium abundance problem, and whose only measurement, at thermal energy, dates back to 1963. The apparently unsurmountable experimental difficulties stemming from the huge 7Be γ-activity, along with the lack of a suitable neutron beam facility, had so far prevented further measurements. The detection system is subject to considerable radiation damage, but is capable of disentangling the rare reaction signals from the very high background. This newly developed setup could likely be useful also to study other challenging reactions requiring the detectors to be installed directly in the neutron beam.

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arXiv2014

Measurement and analysis of the Am-243 neutron capture cross section at the n_TOF facility at CERN

Background:The design of new nuclear reactors and transmutation devices requires to reduce the present neutron cross section uncertainties of minor actinides. Purpose: Reduce the $^{243}$Am(n,$γ$) cross section uncertainty. Method: The $^{243}$Am(n,$γ$) cross section has been measured at the n_TOF facility at CERN with a BaF$_{2}$ Total Absorption Calorimeter, in the energy range between 0.7 eV and 2.5 keV. Results: The $^{243}$Am(n,$γ$) cross section has been successfully measured in the mentioned energy range. The resolved resonance region has been extended from 250 eV up to 400 eV. In the unresolved resonance region our results are compatible with one of the two incompatible capture data sets available below 2.5 keV. The data available in EXFOR and in the literature has been used to perform a simple analysis above 2.5 keV. Conclusions: The results of this measurement contribute to reduce the $^{243}$Am(n,$γ$) cross section uncertainty and suggest that this cross section is underestimated up to 25% in the neutron energy range between 50 eV and a few keV in the present evaluated data libraries.

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arXiv2014

High accuracy determination of the $^{238}$U/$^{235}$U fission cross section ratio up to $\sim$1 GeV at n_TOF (CERN)

The $^{238}$U to $^{235}$U fission cross section ratio has been determined at n_TOF up to $\sim$1 GeV, with two different detection systems, in different geometrical configurations. A total of four datasets have been collected and compared. They are all consistent to each other within the relative systematic uncertainty of 3-4%. The data collected at n_TOF have been suitably combined to yield a unique fission cross section ratio as a function of the neutron energy. The result confirms current evaluations up to 200 MeV. A good agreement is also observed with theoretical calculations based on the INCL++/Gemini++ combination up to the highest measured energy. The n_TOF results may help solving a long-standing discrepancy between the two most important experimental dataset available so far above 20 MeV, while extending the neutron energy range for the first time up to $\sim$1 GeV.

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