arXiv subjects

Hakan Bagci

Publications and source records attributed to Hakan Bagci.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

A Sparsity-Promoting Electromagnetic Inversion Method Regularized by $\ell_1 / \ell_2$-Norm of the Model Gradient

A nonlinear EM inversion method regularized by $\ell_1 / \ell_2$-norm of the model gradient is proposed. The $\ell_1 / \ell_2$-norm, defined as the ratio of $\ell_1$-norm to $\ell_2$-norm, exhibits a scale-invariant property that enables it to more accurately characterize sparsity in the solution compared with the conventional $\ell_1$-norm. To address the nonconvexity and nonsmoothness introduced by the quotient structure of $\ell_1 / \ell_2$-norm, the inversion problem is reformulated and solved using the alternating direction method of multipliers, resulting in an efficient optimization algorithm comprising five sub-steps. The Gauss--Newton method is incorporated into the first sub-step to linearize the nonlinear inversion. The proposed method is validated by a series of numerical examples using both synthetic and experimental datasets, and is compared against standard regularization methods such as Tikhonov and total variation. The results demonstrate that the proposed method yields superior reconstructions of permittivity profiles, particularly in preserving sharp edges and suppressing artifacts, without incurring additional computational cost. Furthermore, the method exhibits strong robustness to measurement noise and reduced sensitivity to the choice of the regularization weight.

physics.comp-ph↗

arXiv2026

Analysis of Electromagnetic Scattering from Semiconductor Nanostructures by Solving Coupled Volume Integral and Two-fluid Hydrodynamic Equations

Semiconductor-based plasmonic nanostructures support localized surface plasmon modes in the infrared region. Unlike metallic nanostructures, they support both free electrons and holes, requiring a two-fluid hydrodynamic Drude equation (HDE) to accurately capture spatial dispersion effects and low-frequency acoustic plasmon modes that cannot be described by single-fluid models. In this work, a volume integral equation (VIE)-based solver is proposed for the analysis of electromagnetic scattering from semiconductor nanostructures. The proposed approach couples the VIE, formulated in terms of the electric flux density and the free-electron and hole polarization currents, with the two-fluid HDE. The coupled system is discretized using a tetrahedral mesh and solved efficiently using a two-level iterative solver. In contrast to finite-element-based methods, the proposed VIE-based approach does not require domain-wide meshing and inherently satisfies the radiation condition, thereby eliminating artificial absorbing boundaries. Numerical results for InSb-type semiconductor nanostructures demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed VIE-based solver and its ability to capture unique optical phenomena, such as acoustic plasmon resonances and the blueshift of localized surface plasmon resonances, that cannot be described by the single-fluid HDE or classical Drude-based models.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2026

Characteristic Mode Analysis of Composite Nanostructures using a Coupled System of Volume Integral and Hydrodynamic Equations

Full-structure and sub-structure characteristic mode analysis (CMA) formulations are developed for composite metallic--dielectric nanostructures based on a coupled system of volume integral equations (VIE) and the hydrodynamic equation (HDE). In the full-structure CMA, the generalized eigenvalue equation (GEE) is constructed from the matrix of the complete coupled system, and the resulting characteristic currents describe the response of the entire composite nanostructure. In the sub-structure CMA, the GEE is constructed from a reduced system, derived from the coupled system by eliminating the dielectric-region unknowns, so that it is expressed only in terms of the metallic-region currents. This isolates the resonances of the metallic region while still incorporating the effect of the dielectric region through the reduced system. Because the reduced system has a smaller dimension, the sub-structure CMA is computationally more efficient than the full-structure CMA and, when the dielectric does not resonate in the frequency range of interest, identifies the same resonances. Both formulations are validated against extinction cross-section (ECS) results and are used to characterize how a dielectric environment reshapes the metallic resonances, including substrate-induced red-shifts and, for high-contrast substrates in direct contact, hybridized modal responses.

physics.comp-ph↗

arXiv2026

Physically Consistent Channel Modeling and Signal Processing for Reconfigurable Wireless Systems

Reconfigurable antennas are increasingly integrated into multi-antenna communication systems to exploit large apertures while reducing the hardware complexity, energy consumption, and implementation costs of classical massive arrays. Their reconfigurable electromagnetic (EM) properties, including dynamically varying radiation patterns and state-dependent mutual coupling, challenge the fixed-antenna and decoupled-port assumptions of conventional channel models. This motivates a physically consistent framework connecting Maxwell's equations, circuit theory, and information theory. In this tutorial, we develop a unified framework spanning three coupled dimensions: (i) reconfigurable antenna and transceiver architectures, (ii) physically consistent channel modeling, and (iii) physically consistent signal processing. We first establish a taxonomy covering tunable antennas, reconfigurable transceivers, and emerging array architectures, highlighting their reconfiguration mechanisms and hardware-performance trade-offs. We then develop modeling approaches based on Maxwell's equations, wavenumber-domain representations, multiport network theory, and computational electromagnetics, and use them to construct end-to-end channel and noise models that capture near-field propagation, mutual coupling, and circuit-level impairments. Building on these models, we examine architecture-aware channel estimation, beamforming, data detection, and channel decoding, emphasizing how physical structure reshapes algorithm design and performance-complexity trade-offs. Overall, the tutorial treats physical architecture, channel and noise models, and communication algorithms as coupled components of an end-to-end design, providing a unified foundation for physically consistent reconfigurable wireless systems.

eess.SP↗

arXiv2026

Characteristic Mode Analysis of Plasmonic Nanostructures Using Hydrodynamic Volume Integral Equation

Metallic nanostructures confine electromagnetic fields at subwavelength scales, making them attractive as plasmonic nanoantennas. At these scales, the response of metals becomes nonlocal, and the hydrodynamic model is widely used to capture this response. However, existing solvers provide only the response to a prescribed excitation and do not directly reveal the intrinsic resonances of the structure. This work extends the characteristic mode analysis to plasmonic nanostructures to enable excitation-independent modal analysis of their resonant behavior. For simple metals, the coupled hydrodynamic and volume integral equations are reduced to a single hydrodynamic volume integral equation in terms of the induced current. The equation is discretized and cast as a generalized eigenvalue problem within the characteristic mode analysis framework, whose solution yields the characteristic mode currents and modal significance curves of the structure. The proposed framework is validated through three metallic nanostructures: a nanosphere, a nanorod, and a nanodimer. The results show that the method identifies the intrinsic resonances of each structure, including resonances not excited by a given source and additional resonances arising from the nonlocal response, which are absent in local models. The proposed framework provides physical insight into the modal mechanisms of plasmonic nanostructures and serves as a practical tool for their analysis and design.

physics.comp-ph↗

arXiv2026

Enhanced Third-Harmonic Generation in a Bound State in the Continuum Assisted Multiband All-Dielectric Metasurface

Multiband Fano resonances are demonstrated in the near-infrared (near-IR) using an all-dielectric metasurface whose unit cell consists of four silicon nanoblocks on a glass substrate. An in-plane asymmetry triggers symmetry-protected quasi-bound states in the continuum (QBICs), producing multiple high-Q resonances. Their origin is identified through multipolar decomposition of the scattering cross section and field distributions at the resonances. The strong field localization at these resonances enables efficient multiband third-harmonic (TH) generation in the ultraviolet (UV), with a maximum simulated conversion efficiency of $8.5 \times 10^{-3}$ at a peak pump intensity of $1.6\,\mathrm{GW/cm^{2}}$. The metasurface is fabricated in symmetric and asymmetric configurations, and its linear and nonlinear responses are measured under normal incidence. A TH conversion efficiency of $1.2 \times 10^{-6}$ is obtained at a peak pump intensity of $3.25\,\mathrm{GW/cm^{2}}$. These results establish a route to multiband photonic devices, including multiwavelength lasers, multiband harmonic generation, and single-photon sources for quantum photonics.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2026

A Single-Trace Surface Integral Equation Solver for Simulation of Open Bianisotropic Metasurfaces Described by Generalized Sheet Transition Conditions

A single-trace surface integral equation (SIE) solver incorporating generalized sheet transition conditions (GSTCs) is presented for the simulation of three-dimensional (3D) open bianisotropic metasurfaces. The metasurface is modeled as an infinitesimally thin, non-enclosing sheet across which the GSTCs enforce the electromagnetic field discontinuities through four surface susceptibility tensors. The proposed solver uses a single set of equivalent surface currents on the sheet, in place of the two sets used by prior multi-trace formulations. The scattered fields on both faces of the sheet, expressed through SIE operators acting on these currents, are substituted into the GSTCs. The resulting system of equations is then discretized using Rao--Wilton--Glisson basis functions. This solver models an open metasurface directly, without an artificial closure, and applies to both planar and curved geometries. It is validated against analytical solutions for polarization rotation and perfect reflection, and is used to model a realistic broadband absorber whose susceptibility tensors are retrieved from full-wave simulation data. A direct comparison shows that the single-trace formulation attains lower error than a multi-trace formulation while using significantly fewer unknowns.

physics.comp-ph↗

arXiv2026

Multiband Hybrid Metasurface for Enhanced Second-Harmonic Generation via Coupled Gap Surface Plasmon Modes

A multiband hybrid metasurface supporting multiple gap-surface plasmon (GSP) and localized surface plasmon (LSP) modes is presented. The structure adopts a metal-dielectric-metal configuration consisting of an aluminum bottom layer, a silicon dioxide spacer, and a bar-disc hybrid resonator patterned in the top aluminum layer. Optimized geometrical parameters yield four distinct resonances across the near-infrared and telecommunication bands, arising from the interplay between GSP modes and LSP excitations. The reflectance spectra are systematically analyzed as functions of geometric parameters and polarization, demonstrating tunable multiband operation. Experimental measurements of the fabricated metasurface show good agreement with numerical predictions. Furthermore, the second-harmonic generation (SHG) response is numerically investigated, revealing enhanced SH emission at the resonance wavelengths due to strong electromagnetic field confinement within the metal-dielectric-metal cavity. The proposed metasurface provides a compact platform for multiband and multifunctional nanophotonic applications.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2026

A Thin Sheet Volume Integral Equation Solver for Simulation of Bianisotropic Metasurfaces

A thin-sheet (TS) volume integral equation (VIE) formulation incorporating generalized sheet transition conditions (GSTCs) is presented for the simulation of three-dimensional (3D) bianisotropic metasurfaces. The metasurface is represented as an equivalent TS, with its constitutive tensors derived from the GSTC susceptibility tensors. Invoking the TS approximation, the governing VIEs are reduced to surface integral equations (SIEs), in which tangential and normal flux density components are treated as distinct sets of unknowns and discretized using Rao-Wilton-Glisson and pulse basis functions, respectively. In contrast to conventional GSTC approaches based on conventional SIEs, which represent only tangential fields, the proposed framework rigorously enforces the bianisotropic GSTCs, including normal field interactions, while retaining the flux-based VIE character of the formulation. Numerical examples demonstrate the accuracy and robustness of the proposed TS-VIE-GSTC solver for polarization rotation, perfect reflection, multi-directional attenuation, and oblique phase-shift transformation.

physics.comp-ph↗

arXiv2025

Calculation of Photocarrier Generation from Optical Absorption for Time-domain Simulation of Optoelectronic Devices

Photocarrier generation rate in optoelectronic materials is often calculated using the Poynting vector in the frequency domain. However, this approach is not accurate in time-domain simulations of photoconductive devices because the instantaneous Poynting vector does not distinguish between power flux densities of optical and low-frequency electromagnetic fields. The latter is generated by photocurrents and is not supposed to contribute to the photocarrier generation since the corresponding photon energy is smaller than the bandgap energy of the optoelectronic material. This work proposes an optical absorption-based model to accurately calculate the generation rate in time-domain simulations. The proposed approach considers the material dispersion near the optical frequency corresponding to the bandgap energy of the optoelectronic material and calculates the instantaneous optical absorption from the polarization current density associated with this dispersion model. Numerical examples show that the proposed method is more accurate than the Poynting vector-based approach in calculating the instantaneous optical absorption. The method is further validated against experimental results via simulations of a photoconductive device, where the Poynting vector-based approach results in divergent carrier densities when the low-frequency fields are strong.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2025

Enhanced Absorption in Thin-Film Silicon Solar Cells Using a Broadband Plasmonic Nanostructure

The design and fabrication of a metal-dielectric-metal absorber that achieves strong absorption from the ultraviolet (UV) to the near-infrared (near-IR) spectrum are presented. The proposed nanostructure consists of a periodic titanium (Ti) array as the top layer, a thin silicon dioxide (SiO2) spacer, and a continuous aluminum (Al) layer serving as the back reflector. Comprehensive optimization of structural parameters results in an average absorptance of 96% in the 280-1000 nm wavelength range. The proposed design exhibits polarization insensitivity and maintains high absorption efficiency under oblique incidence. Fabrication is carried out using electron beam lithography followed by a lift-off process, ensuring both high performance and manufacturing simplicity. Experimental measurements show strong agreement with numerical simulations, validating the effectiveness of the design. Furthermore, integration of the absorber into a thin-film silicon (Si) solar cell is analyzed, revealing significant enhancement in light absorption within the active layer. Owing to its broadband response, angular robustness, and structural simplicity, the proposed absorber shows strong potential for applications in solar energy harvesting, thermal emission, and advanced photovoltaic technologies.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2024

A Multi-Frequency Iterative Method for Reconstruction of Rough Surfaces Separating Two Penetrable Media

A numerical scheme that uses multi-frequency Newton iterations to reconstruct a rough surface profile between two dielectric media is proposed. At each frequency sample, the scheme employs Newton iterations to solve the nonlinear inverse scattering problem. At every iteration, the Newton step is computed by solving a linear system that involves the Frechet derivative of the integral operator, which represents the scattered fields, and the difference between these fields and the measurements. This linear system is regularized using the Tikhonov method. The multi-frequency data is accounted for in a recursive manner. More specifically, the profile reconstructed at a given frequency is used as an initial guess for the iterations at the next frequency. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated through numerical examples, which demonstrate its ability to accurately reconstruct surface profiles even in the presence of measurement noise. The results also show the superiority of the multi-frequency approach over single-frequency reconstructions, particularly in terms of handling surfaces with sharp variations.

math.NA↗

arXiv2023

Sub-structure characteristic mode analysis of microstrip antennas using a global multi-trace formulation

A characteristic mode (CM) method that relies on a global multi-trace formulation (MTF) of surface integral equations is proposed to compute the modes and the resonance frequencies of microstrip patch antennas with finite dielectric substrates and ground planes. Compared to the coupled formulation of electric field and Poggio-Miller-Chang-Harrington-Wu-Tsai integral equations, global MTF allows for more direct implementation of a sub-structure CM method. This is achieved by representing the coupling of the electromagnetic fields on the substrate and ground plane in the form of a numerical Green function matrix, which yields a more compact generalized eigenvalue equation. The resulting sub-structure CM method avoids the cumbersome computation of the multilayered medium Green function (unlike the CM methods that rely on mixed-potential integral equations) and the volumetric discretization of the substrate (unlike the CM methods that rely on volume-surface integral equations), and numerical results show that it is a reliable and accurate approach to predicting the modal behavior of electromagnetic fields on practical microstrip antennas.

cs.CE↗

arXiv2023

A Coupled Hybridizable Discontinuous Galerkin and Boundary Integral Method for Analyzing Electromagnetic Scattering

A coupled hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin (HDG) and boundary integral (BI) method is proposed to efficiently analyze electromagnetic scattering from inhomogeneous/composite objects. The coupling between the HDG and the BI equations is realized using the numerical flux operating on the equivalent current and the global unknown of the HDG. This approach yields sparse coupling matrices upon discretization. Inclusion of the BI equation ensures that the only error in enforcing the radiation conditions is the discretization. However, the discretization of this equation yields a dense matrix, which prohibits the use of a direct matrix solver on the overall coupled system as often done with traditional HDG schemes. To overcome this bottleneck, a "hybrid" method is developed. This method uses an iterative scheme to solve the overall coupled system but within the matrix-vector multiplication subroutine of the iterations, the inverse of the HDG matrix is efficiently accounted for using a sparse direct matrix solver. The same subroutine also uses the multilevel fast multipole algorithm to accelerate the multiplication of the guess vector with the dense BI matrix. The numerical results demonstrate the accuracy, the efficiency, and the applicability of the proposed HDG-BI solver.

cs.CE↗

arXiv2023

Solution of Volume Integral and Hydrodynamic Equations to Analyze Electromagnetic Scattering from Composite Nanostructures

A coupled system of volume integral and hydrodynamic equations is solved to analyze electromagnetic scattering from nanostructures consisting of metallic and dielectric parts. In the metallic part, the hydrodynamic equation relates the free electron polarization current to the electric flux and effectively "updates" the constitutive relation to enable the modeling of nonlocality. In the metallic and the dielectric parts, the volume integral equation relates the electric flux and the free electron polarization current to the scattered electric field. Unknown electric flux and free electron polarization current are expanded using Schaubert-Wilton-Glisson basis functions. Inserting these expansions into the coupled system of the volume integral and hydrodynamic equations and using Galerkin testing yield a matrix system in unknown expansion coefficients. An efficient two-level iterative solver is proposed to solve this matrix system. This approach "inverts" the discretized hydrodynamic equation for the coefficients of the free electron polarization current and substitutes the result in the discretized volume integral equation. Outer iterations solve this reduced matrix system while the inner iterations invert the discretized hydrodynamic equation at every iteration of the outer iterations. Numerical experiments are carried out to demonstrate the accuracy, the efficiency, and the applicability of the proposed method.

physics.comp-ph↗

arXiv2023

A Time Domain Volume Integral Equation Solver to Analyze Electromagnetic Scattering from Nonlinear Dielectric Objects

A time domain electric field volume integral equation (TD-EFVIE) solver is proposed for analyzing electromagnetic scattering from dielectric objects with Kerr nonlinearity. The nonlinear constitutive relation that relates electric flux and electric field induced in the scatterer is used as an auxiliary equation that complements TD-EFVIE. The ordinary differential equation system that arises from TD-EFVIE's Schaubert-Wilton-Glisson (SWG)-based discretization is integrated in time using a predictor-corrector method for the unknown expansion coefficients of the electric field. Matrix systems that arise from the SWG-based discretization of the nonlinear constitutive relation and its inverse obtained using the Pade approximant are used to carry out explicit updates of the electric field and the electric flux expansion coefficients at the predictor and the corrector stages of the time integration method. The resulting explicit marching-on-in-time (MOT) scheme does not call for any Newton-like nonlinear solver and only requires solution of sparse and well-conditioned Gram matrix systems at every step. Numerical results show that the proposed explicit MOT-based TD-EFVIE solver is more accurate than the finite-difference time-domain method that is traditionally used for analyzing transient electromagnetic scattering from nonlinear objects.

cs.CE↗

arXiv2021

On the Spurious Interior Resonance Modes of Time Domain Integral Equations for Analyzing Acoustic Scattering from Penetrable Objects

The interior resonance problem of time domain integral equations (TDIEs) formulated to analyze acoustic field interactions on penetrable objects is investigated. Two types of TDIEs are considered: The first equation, which is termed the time domain potential integral equation (TDPIE) (in unknowns velocity potential and its normal derivative), suffers from the interior resonance problem, i.e., its solution is replete with spurious modes that are excited at the resonance frequencies of the acoustic cavity in the shape of the scatterer. Numerical experiments demonstrate that, unlike the frequency-domain integral equations, the amplitude of these modes in the time domain could be suppressed to a level that does not significantly affect the solution. The second equation is obtained by linearly combining TDPIE with its normal derivative. Weights of the combination are carefully selected to enable the numerical computation of the singular integrals. The solution of this equation, which is termed the time domain combined potential integral equation (TDCPIE), does not involve any spurious interior resonance modes.

physics.comp-ph↗

arXiv2021

Analysis of Screening Effects on Terahertz Photoconductive Devices using a Fully-Coupled Multiphysics Approach

The terahertz current generated by a photoconductive device (PCD) saturates as the power of the input optical pump is increased. This behavior is induced by various screening effects that stem from the interactions between electromagnetic (EM) fields and semiconductor carriers. In this work, these screening effects are numerically analyzed for the first time using a fully-coupled multiphysics approach. Unlike the previously developed simulation frameworks, this approach rigorously models the nonlinear coupling between the EM fields and the carriers and therefore is capable of accounting for the screening effects. It is demonstrated that the results obtained using this multiphysics approach and actual experiments are in excellent agreement. The optical- and radiation-field screening effects are identified in the simulation results and the optical-field screening is found to play a more dominant role in the saturation of the PCD output under high optical pump power levels.

physics.app-ph↗