BB-ML: Basic Block Performance Prediction using Machine Learning Techniques
Recent years have seen the adoption of Machine Learning (ML) techniques to predict the performance of large-scale applications, mostly at a coarse level. In contrast, we propose to use ML techniques for performance prediction at a much finer granularity, namely at the Basic Block (BB) level, which are single entry, single exit code blocks that are used for analysis by the compilers to break down a large code into manageable pieces. We extrapolate the basic block execution counts of GPU applications and use them for predicting the performance for large input sizes from the counts of smaller input sizes. We train a Poisson Neural Network (PNN) model using random input values as well as the lowest input values of the application to learn the relationship between inputs and basic block counts. Experimental results show that the model can accurately predict the basic block execution counts of 16 GPU benchmarks. We achieve an accuracy of 93.5% in extrapolating the basic block counts for large input sets when trained on smaller input sets and an accuracy of 97.7% in predicting basic block counts on random instances. In a case study, we apply the ML model to CUDA GPU benchmarks for performance prediction across a spectrum of applications. We use a variety of metrics for evaluation, including global memory requests and the active cycles of tensor cores, ALU, and FMA units. Results demonstrate the model's capability of predicting the performance of large datasets with an average error rate of 0.85% and 0.17% for global and shared memory requests, respectively. Additionally, to address the utilization of the main functional units in Ampere architecture GPUs, we calculate the active cycles for tensor cores, ALU, FMA, and FP64 units and achieve an average error of 2.3% and 10.66% for ALU and FMA units while the maximum observed error across all tested applications and units reaches 18.5%.