arXiv subjects

Han-Feng Song

Publications and source records attributed to Han-Feng Song.

6 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Evolution of low-mass He stars and implications for electron-capture supernova formation in close binaries

The evolution of low-mass helium (He) stars ($\sim2.5$--$5\,M_\odot$) with neutron-star (NS) companions in close binaries has been extensively studied, but the combined effects of rotation and tidal interaction remain poorly understood. We investigate how rotation, mass transfer, and tidal interactions affect the evolution of low-mass He stars, the formation of electron-capture supernovae (ECSNe), and the properties of the resulting NSs. Using detailed stellar and binary evolution calculations that include mass loss, differential rotation, and tidal interactions, we systematically explore the initial binary parameter space leading to ECSNe. We find that rotation has only a modest effect on the evolution of low-mass He stars. ECSNe occur within a narrow initial He-star mass range of $2.42$--$2.67\,M_\odot$ at solar metallicity ($Z_\odot$) and $2.37$--$2.62\,M_\odot$ at $0.01\,Z_\odot$. The resulting NSs have spin periods of $7.7$--$83.8\,\mathrm{ms}$, magnetic fields of order $10^{12}\,\mathrm{G}$, and rotational energies of $2.6\times10^{48}$--$2.5\times10^{50}\,\mathrm{erg}$, although these values would be substantially reduced if efficient angular-momentum transport mechanisms, such as the Spruit--Tayler dynamo, were included. We further show that the evolutionary outcome is highly sensitive to the initial orbital period, with shorter-period systems undergoing Roche-lobe overflow at earlier evolutionary stages and experiencing stronger binary interactions. Finally, comparison with Galactic double NS systems indicates that most observed binaries can be reproduced in the eccentricity--orbital-period plane by adopting relatively large natal kick velocities.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2025

Diagnosing the Properties and Evolutionary Fates of Black Hole and Wolf-Rayet X-ray Binaries as Potential Gravitational Wave Sources for the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Network

IC 10 X-1, NGC 300 X-1, and Cyg X-3 constitute a unique class of X-ray binaries in which a stellar-mass black hole (BH) accretes material from a Wolf-Rayet (WR). These systems are particularly intriguing because of their short orbital periods, which make them promising progenitors of gravitational-wave (GW) sources detectable by the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA (LVK) network. Adopting a revised accretion efficiency within the standard Bondi-Hoyle-Lyttleton framework, we perform detailed binary evolution calculations using \texttt{MESA} to characterize their properties at different evolutionary stages and to assess their ultimate fates as potential LVK-detectable GW sources. By applying additional constraints from the observed properties of IC 10 X-1 and NGC 300 X-1, we find that the upper limits on the BH masses in these systems ($M_{\rm BH} \lesssim 25\, M_\odot$ for IC 10 X-1 and $M_{\rm BH} \lesssim 15\, M_\odot$ for NGC 300 X-1) are significantly lower than previous estimates. Both systems are expected to form binary black holes (BBHs) that will merge within a Hubble time, except in the case where the BH in NGC 300 X-1 has a mass of $9\,M_\odot$, corresponding to the lower limit inferred in a previous study using the continuum-fitting method with a relativistic slim-disc model. For Cyg X-3, we find that the BH spin magnitude is constrained to be $\lesssim$ 0.6. Moreover, the WR star in Cyg X-3 is likely to form a lower-mass-gap BH, and the resulting BBH system is also expected to merge within a Hubble time.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2025

Reassessing the Spin of Second-born Black Holes in Coalescing Binary Black Holes and Its Connection to the chi_eff-q Correlation

The mass ratio q and effective inspiral spin chi_eff of binary black hole (BBH) mergers in GWTC-4.0 show a weaker anti-correlation than in GWTC-3.0, motivating investigation of its physical origin. Within the isolated binary evolution framework, we adopt a recently proposed He-star wind prescription to study the spin of the second-born BH and its impact on the q-chi_eff relation. Using \texttt{MESA}, including the updated He-star wind, internal differential rotation, and tidal interactions, we examine how initial conditions and key processes determine the BH spin. We also perform rapid population synthesis with \texttt{COMPAS} to predict the population-level q-chi_eff correlation. The updated wind prescription is significantly weaker than the standard Dutch scheme, particularly at subsolar metallicity. Detailed binary models of He stars with BH companions show that the resulting BH spin is largely insensitive to the He star's evolutionary stage at the onset of tidal interaction and to the companion mass. Instead, wind mass loss dominates: more massive He-star progenitors produce lower-spinning BHs. Initial stellar rotation has only a minor effect, especially under strong tidal coupling. We provide a fitting formula for the spin of the second-born BH. Combining this formula with rapid population synthesis under default assumptions, we find that 85.8% of BBHs formed via stable mass transfer undergo mass-ratio reversal, compared to only 2.8% in the common-envelope channel. Notably, no correlation between q and chi_eff is found in either channel. Future work will explore alternative physical prescriptions and compare our predictions with BBH mergers reported by the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Collaboration.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2024

Origin of Black Hole Spin in Lower-Mass-Gap Black Hole-Neutron Star Binaries

During the fourth observing run, the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Collaboration reported the detection of a coalescing compact binary (GW230529$_{-}$181500) with component masses estimated at $2.5-4.5\, M_\odot$ and $1.2-2.0\, M_\odot$ with 90\% credibility. Given the current constraints on the maximum neutron star (NS) mass, this event is most likely a lower-mass-gap (LMG) black hole-neutron star (BHNS) binary. The spin magnitude of the BH, especially when aligned with the orbital angular momentum, is critical in determining whether the NS is tidally disrupted. An LMG BHNS merger with a rapidly spinning BH is an ideal candidate for producing electromagnetic counterparts. However, no such signals have been detected. In this study, we employ a detailed binary evolution model, incorporating new dynamical tide implementations, to explore the origin of BH spin in an LMG BHNS binary. If the NS forms first, the BH progenitor (He-rich star) must begin in orbit shorter than 0.35 days to spin up efficiently, potentially achieving a spin magnitude of $\chi_{\rm BH} > 0.3$. Alternatively, if a non-spinning BH (e.g., $M_{\rm BH} = 3.6\, M_\odot$) forms first, it can accrete up to $\sim 0.2\, M_\odot$ via Case BA mass transfer (MT), reaching a spin magnitude of $\chi_{\rm BH} \sim 0.18$ under Eddington-limited accretion. With a higher Eddington accretion limit (i.e., 10.0 $\Dot{M}_{\rm Edd}$), the BH can attain a significantly higher spin magnitude of $\chi_{\rm BH} \sim\,0.65$ by accreting approximately $1.0\, M_\odot$ during Case BA MT phase.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2024

Stable Case BB/BC Mass Transfer to Form GW190425-like Massive Binary Neutron Star Mergers

On April 25th, 2019, the LIGO-Virgo Collaboration discovered a Gravitational-wave (GW) signal from a binary neutron star (BNS) merger, i.e., GW190425. Due to the inferred large total mass, the origin of GW190425 remains unclear. We perform detailed stellar structure and binary evolution calculations that take into account mass-loss, internal differential rotation, and tidal interactions between a He-rich star and a NS companion. We explore the parameter space of the initial binary properties, including initial NS and He-rich masses and initial orbital period. We find that the immediate post-common-envelope progenitor system, consisting of a primary $\sim2.0\,M_\odot$ ($\sim1.7\,M_\odot$) NS and a secondary He-rich star with an initial mass of $\sim3.0-5.5\,M_\odot$ ($\sim5.5-6.0\,M_\odot$) in a close binary with an initial period of $\sim0.08-0.5\,{\rm{days}}$ ($\sim 0.08-0.4\,{\rm{days}}$), that experiences stable Case BB/BC mass transfer (MT) during binary evolution, can reproduce the formation of GW190425-like BNS events. Our studies reveal that the secondary He-rich star of the GW190425's progenitor before its core collapse can be efficiently spun up through tidal interaction, finally remaining as a NS with rotational energy even reaching $\sim10^{52}\,{\rm{erg}}$, which is always much higher than the neutrino-driven energy of the supernova (SN) explosion. If the newborn secondary NS is a magnetar, we expect that GW190425 can be the remnant of a magnetar-driven SN, e.g., a magnetar-driven ultra-stripped SN, a superluminous SN, or a broad-line Type Ic SN. Our results show that GW190425 could be formed through the isolated binary evolution, which involves a stable Case BB/BC MT just after the common envelope phase. On top of that, we show the He-rich star can be tidally spun up, potentially forming a spinning magnetized NS (magnetar) during the second SN explosion.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2022

Searching for candidates of coalescing binary black holes formed through chemically homogeneous evolution in GWTC-3

The LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA (LVK) collaboration has announced 90 coalescing binary black holes (BBHs) with $p_{\rm astro} > 50\%$ to date, however, the origin of their formation channels is still an open scientific question. Given various properties of BBHs (BH component masses and individual spins) inferred using the default priors by the LVK, independent groups have been trying to explain the formation of the BBHs with different formation channels. Of all formation scenarios, the chemically homogeneous evolution (CHE) channel has stood out with distinguishing features, namely, nearly-equal component masses and preferentially high individual spins aligned with the orbital angular momentum. We perform Bayesian inference on the BBH events officially reported in GWTC-3 with astrophysically-predicted priors representing different formation channels of the isolated binary evolution (CEE: common-envelope evolution channel; CHE; SMT: stable mass transfer). Given assumed models, we report strong evidence for GW190517\_055101 being most likely to have formed through the CHE channel. Assuming the BBH events in the subsample are all formed through one of the isolated binary evolution channels, we obtain the lower limits on the local merger rate density of these channels at $11.45 ~\mathrm{Gpc^{-3}~yr^{-1}}$ (CEE), $0.18 ~\mathrm{Gpc^{-3}~yr^{-1}}$ (CHE), and $0.63 ~\mathrm{Gpc^{-3}~yr^{-1}}$ (SMT) at $90\%$ credible level.

astro-ph.HE↗