Metastable Transitions in Dynamical Systems with both Time-varying Perturbations and Degenerate Noise
This paper investigates the persistence of maximum likelihood paths in degenerate stochastic differential systems and quantifies how small periodic perturbations modulate the metastable transition rate. Within the Freidlin--Wentzell large deviation framework, we reformulate the variational problem for MLPs as a Hamiltonian system via a partial Legendre transform. Under hyperbolicity and transversality conditions, we prove, using a geometric Melnikov method adapted to general time-dependent perturbations, that the corresponding heteroclinic connections persist for sufficiently small perturbations. For the periodic case, we derive a closed-form explicit expression for the rate change to first order in the forcing amplitude. Two illustrative examples are presented.