Measuring Cosmic Neutrino Masses Independently of Dark Energy
Neutrino oscillations establish that neutrinos are massive, providing the only laboratory detection of physics beyond the Standard Model. Direct kinematic experiments bound the electron-neutrino mass to $m_{ν_e} < 0.45$ eV (KATRIN, 90% CL), implying $\sum m_ν\lesssim 1.3$ eV. Conversely, cosmology within $Λ$CDM is highly constraining: Planck CMB, CMB lensing, and DESI DR2 BAO yield $\sum m_ν< 0.056$ eV (95% CL), in 2-3$σ$ tension with the inverted-ordering floor (0.10 eV). However, this bound relies on $Λ$CDM, while data hint at an evolving dark energy. To determine the model dependence of cosmic neutrino mass bounds, we deconstruct each probe's sensitivity to late-time physics and pursue two robust routes to a $\sum m_ν$ bound: (i) The existing dark-energy-marginalized route, retaining all data and marginalizing over $(w_0, w_a)$, is shown to also be immune to flexible binned and cubic $w(a)$ histories, yielding $\sum m_ν< 0.152$ eV, sharpening to $σ(\sum m_ν) \approx 0.043$ eV with Simons Observatory lensing and Spec-S5 BAO. (ii) A new late-Universe-free route combines primary CMB, marginalizing over acoustic-peak smoothing via $A_{\rm lens}$, with the reconstructed lensing spectrum $C_L^{κκ}$, removing late-time expansion dependence by construction. This yields $\sum m_ν< 0.41$ eV today, tightening to 0.31 eV (Simons Observatory) and 0.28 eV (cosmic-variance limit) across all tested dark-energy models. These relaxed bounds trade statistical power for model independence. Interestingly, they land in the sensitivity range targeted by next-generation laboratory experiments like Project 8 ($m_{ν_e} \sim 0.1$ eV), motivating vital synergies between future cosmological and terrestrial neutrino measurements.