Cold Hypersonic Gas Jets for Precision Laser Spectroscopy of Radioactive Molecules
The sensitivity to possible beyond standard model physics via a study of the nuclear Schiff moment (NSM) has since recently been driving laser spectroscopy of short-lived radioactive molecules. These experiments have in part been hindered by inefficient cooling of the molecular degrees of freedom, resulting in complex, difficult to interpret molecular spectra. Hypersonic (de Laval) nozzles have been shown to provide ideal environments to study cold short-lived actinides by means of in-gas-jet laser ionization spectroscopy. We present here the first application of this technique on molecules using $^{229,230,232}$ThO laser ablation targets. Translational and rotational temperatures were characterized via laser spectroscopy and found to be $12.5(25)\,\mathrm{K}$ and $7.2(6)\,\mathrm{K}$, respectively, along the nozzle-collimated $60\,\mathrm{mm}$-long, $5\,\mathrm{mm}$-diameter gas jet. An upper bound of the vibrational temperature was estimated as no transitions from $v''=1$ were observed. Molecular King-plot analysis shows a large field shift of $-4.0(13)\,\mathrm{cm}^{-1}/\mathrm{fm}^2$, indicating enhanced sensitivity to the differential nuclear charge radii. Relativistic FSCCSD calculations reproduce the measured molecular field-shift factor, providing a benchmark between state-of-the-art molecular and atomic calculations.