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Hartmut Winkler

Publications and source records attributed to Hartmut Winkler.

30 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

Robotic reverberation mapping of the broad-line radio galaxy 3C 120

We carried out photometric and spectroscopic observations of the well-studied broad-line radio galaxy 3C 120 with the Las Cumbres Observatory (LCO) global robotic telescope network from 2016 December to 2018 April as part of the LCO AGN Key Project on Reverberation Mapping of Accretion Flows. Here, we present both spectroscopic and photometric reverberation mapping results. We used the interpolated cross-correlation function (ICCF) to perform multiple-line lag measurements in 3C 120. We find the H$γ$, He II $λ4686$, H$β$ and He I $λ5876$ lags of $τ_{\text{cen}} = 18.8_{-1.0}^{+1.3}$, $2.7_{-0.8}^{+0.7}$, $21.2_{-1.0}^{+1.6}$, and $16.9_{-1.1}^{+0.9}$ days respectively, relative to the V-band continuum. Using the measured lag and rms velocity width of the H$β$ emission line, we determine the mass of the black hole for 3C 120 to be $M=\left(6.3^{+0.5}_{-0.3}\right)\times10^7\,(f/5.5)$ M$_\odot$. Our black hole mass measurement is consistent with similar previous studies on 3C 120, but with small uncertainties. In addition, velocity-resolved lags in 3C 120 show a symmetric pattern across the H$β$ line, 25 days at line centre decreasing to 17 days in the line wings at $\pm4000$ km s$^{-1}$. We also investigate the inter-band continuum lags in 3C 120 and find that they are generally consistent with $τ\proptoλ^{4/3}$ as predicted from a geometrically-thin, optically-thick accretion disc. From the continuum lags, we measure the best fit value $τ_{\rm 0} = 3.5\pm 0.2$ days at $λ_{\rm 0} = 5477$A. It implies a disc size a factor of $1.6$ times larger than prediction from the standard disc model with $L/L_{\rm Edd} = 0.4$. This is consistent with previous studies in which larger than expected disc sizes were measured.

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Revisiting old (AGN) friends -- what's changed in their spectral looks

Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) have long been known to be variable, but the amplitude, timescale and nature of these changes can often differ dramatically from object to object. The richest source of information about the properties of AGN and the physical processes driving these remains the optical spectrum. While this spectrum has remained remarkably steady over decades for some AGN, other objects, referred to as Changing Look AGN, have experienced a comprehensive spectral transformation. Developments in the detection technology have enabled detailed probing in other wavebands, highlighting for example often quite different variability patterns for high energy emission. This paper explores the current characteristics of some long-known (and almost forgotten) Seyfert galaxies. It compares their present optical spectral properties, determined from recent observations at the South African Astronomical Observatory, with those from much earlier epochs. It furthermore considers the implication of the changes that have taken place, alternatively the endurance of specific spectral features, on our understanding of the mechanisms of the observed targets in particular, and on AGN models in general.

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Broad-line Region of the Quasar PG 2130+099 from a Two-Year Reverberation Mapping Campaign with High Cadence

As one of the most interesting Seyfert 1 galaxies, PG 2130+099 has been the target of several reverberation mapping (RM) campaigns over the years. However, its measured broad H$β$ line responses have been inconsistent, with time lags of $\sim$200 days, $\sim$25 days, and $\sim$10 days being reported for different epochs while its optical luminosity changed no more than 40%. To investigate this issue, we conducted a new RM-campaign with homogenous and high cadence (about $\sim$3 days) for two years during 2017--2019 to measure the kinematics and structure of the ionized gas. We successfully detected time lags of broad H$β$, He II, He I, and Fe II lines with respect to the varying 5100Åcontinuum, revealing a stratified structure that is likely virialized with Keplerian kinematics in the first year of observations, but an inflow kinematics of the broad-line region from the second year. With a central black hole mass of $0.97_{-0.18}^{+0.15}\times 10^7~M_{\odot}$, PG 2130+099 has an accretion rate of $10^{2.1\pm0.5}L_{\rm Edd}c^{-2}$, where $L_{\rm Edd}$ is the Eddington luminosity and $c$ is speed of light, implying that it is a super-Eddington accretor and likely possesses a slim, rather than thin, accretion disk. The fast changes of the ionization structures of the three broad lines remain puzzling.

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A Possible ~20 yr Periodicity in Long-term Optical Photometric and Spectral Variations of the Nearby Radio-Quiet Active Galactic Nucleus Ark 120

We study the long-term variability in the optical monitoring database of Ark~120, a nearby radio-quiet active galactic nucleus (AGN) at a distance of 143 Mpc (z=0.03271). We compiled the historical archival photometric and spectroscopic data since 1974 and conducted a new two-year monitoring campaign in 2015-2017, resulting in a total temporal baseline over four decades. The long-term variations in the optical continuum exhibit a wave-like pattern and the Hbeta integrated flux series varies with a similar behavior. The broad Hbeta profiles have asymmetric double peaks, which change strongly with time and tend to merge into a single peak during some epochs. The period in the optical continuum determined from various period-search methods is about 20 yr and the estimated false alarm probability with null hypothesis simulations is about 1*10^-3. The overall variations of the broad Hbeta profiles also follow the same period. However, the present database only covers two cycles of the suggested period, which strongly encourages continued monitoring to track more cycles and confirm the periodicity. Nevertheless, in light of the possible periodicity and the complicated Hbeta profile, Ark~120 is one candidate of the nearest radio-quiet AGNs with possible periodic variability, and it is thereby a potential candidate host for a sub-parsec supermassive black hole binary.

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Analysis of the rich optical iron-line spectrum of the x-ray variable I Zw 1 AGN 1H0707-495

Thirty years ago the optical counterpart of the x-ray source 1H0707-495 was discovered to be a 15th magnitude broad-line Seyfert galaxy with a rich Fe II emission line spectrum typical of the AGN subclass sometimes referred to as the I Zw 1 objects after their progenitor. This object became the subject of much interest and investigation just over five years ago when it was shown to have undergone dramatic x-ray luminosity variations. This paper presents an extensive series of medium resolution spectra recorded at the 1.9 m telescope at Sutherland in January 2016. Through co-adding the spectra, we are able to achieve a signal-to-noise hitherto not achieved for this object, allowing us to resolve individual Fe II lines and measure their relative strengths and profiles to a degree of accuracy not previously available for this AGN. We provide possible physical interpretations of our measurements and investigate links between the spectral evidence collected in this study and the known x-ray behaviour.

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The unusually strong coronal emission lines of SDSS J1055+5637

Many Seyfert galaxies display weak 'coronal' emission features corresponding to [Fe VII], [Fe XI] and [Fe XIV] in their optical spectra, whereas elsewhere these lines seem to be entirely absent. These lines appear to highlight zones in the nucleus irradiated by high-energy photons. The presence of these zones and the conditions therein as determined by the relative line strengths and profiles impose important constraints on the physical models of active galactic nuclei, and Seyferts in particular. In 2009 the discovery was announced of the highly unusual spectrum of SDSS J0952+2143, where the coronal lines are exceptionally strong. This paper presents a second object with abnormally strong coronal features, SDSS J1055+5637. The spectrum, line ratios and related parameters are compared to those of SDSS J0952+2143, three AGN with moderate coronal lines and one where the coronal lines are missing altogether. Possible mechanisms are discussed that may account for the stronger than usual coronal features.

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Radio astronomy in Africa: the case of Ghana

South Africa has played a leading role in radio astronomy in Africa with the Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory (HartRAO). It continues to make strides with the current seven-dish MeerKAT precursor array (KAT-7), leading to the 64-dish MeerKAT and the giant Square Kilometer Array (SKA), which will be used for transformational radio astronomy research. Ghana, an African partner to the SKA, has been mentored by South Africa over the past six years and will soon emerge in the field of radio astronomy. The country will soon have a science-quality 32m dish converted from a redundant satellite communication antenna. Initially, it will be fitted with 5 GHz and 6.7 GHz receivers to be followed later by a 1.4 - 1.7 GHz receiver. The telescope is being designed for use as a single dish observatory and for participation in the developing African Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) Network (AVN) and the European VLBI Network. Ghana is earmarked to host a remote station during a possible SKA Phase 2. The location of the country on 5 degree north of the Equator gives it the distinct advantage of viewing the entire plane of the Milky Way galaxy and nearly the whole sky. In this article, we present the case of Ghana in the radio astronomy scene and the science/technology that will soon be carried out by engineers and astronomers.

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Spectral comparison between AGN at z = 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3

We identified three samples of ROSAT sources with Sloan Digital Sky Survey spectra, one at redshift z = 0.1, a second one at z = 0.2 and a third one at z = 0.3. 812 sources in total were examined. We determined the nature and spectral sub-types of the sources by visual inspection. The fraction of each sub-type at each of the three redshifts are then calculated. We consider selection biases caused by the luminosity cut-off threshold to determine whether any systematic trends in AGN type are evident with increasing redshift. We hence probe if an evolution effect is detected in our sample.

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Seyfert 2 galaxies with unusually wide nebular lines

We report on a set of AGN that match the Seyfert 2 galaxy classification criteria, but display unusually wide "narrow" lines, with the 4959 Å and 5007 Å nebular lines overlapping with each other. This spectral line broadening is in most cases evidence of a complex profile with multiple components. It indicates an unusual narrow line region with diverse gas clouds and a range of velocity systems. We list 14 such objects with these characteristics identified in a set of Sloan Digital Sky Survey spectra. We measure the strengths of all lines visible in the spectrum, and attempt to fit multiple Gaussian profiles to the nebular lines. We quantify the line parameters of all multiple velocity systems discovered. We compare the spectral characteristics of our sample with those of other, 'conventional' type 2 Seyferts and attempt to determine whether other systematic spectral differences exist. We consider whether the investigated sample constitutes a clear sub-class of the Seyfert 2 population. In conclusion we offer possible explanations for the unusual line profiles.

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Line, LINER, linest - from micro-AGN to ultra-luminous LINERs. One and the same?

This paper compares the optical spectra of a wide range of galaxies categorised as members of the Low Ionisation Nuclear Emission Region (LINER) class of active galactic nuclei (AGN). LINERs are defined by emission spectra with relatively faint high ionisation lines (compared to other AGN classes). The gas emission luminosity ranges from the weak flux emanating from some nearby galactic nuclei all the way to extremely luminous radio galaxies, where the line emission can completely dominate the host galaxy starlight component. In this study I analyse the Sloane Digital Sky Survey optical spectra of 15 LINERS identified in the course of the preparation of the new edition of the ZORROASTER AGN catalogue, spanning the largest possible luminosity range. I compare relative emission line strengths, focusing on uncommonly analysed ratios such as those involving [N I], line widths, profiles and even the spectral features of the host galaxy stellar continuum. The study identifies possible luminosity dependent trends in the spectral properties of the studied objects. Possible reasons are presented to rationalise these trends, and the paper concludes with a discussion regarding the uniformity of the LINER class.

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South African night sky brightness during high aerosol epochs

Sky conditions in the remote, dry north-western interior of South Africa are now the subject of considerable interest in view of the imminent construction of numerous solar power plants in this area. Furthermore, the part of this region in which the core of the SKA is to be located (which includes SALT) has been declared an Astronomical Advantage Zone, for which sky brightness monitoring will now be mandatory. In this project we seek to characterise the sky brightness profile under a variety of atmospheric conditions. Key factors are of course the lunar phase and altitude, but in addition the sky brightness is also significantly affected by the atmospheric aerosol loading, as that influences light beam scattering. In this paper we chose to investigate the sky characteristics soon after the Mount Pinatubo volcanic eruption in 1991, which resulted in huge ash masses reaching the stratosphere (where they affected solar irradiance for several years). We re-reduced photometric sky measurements from the South African Astronomical Observatory archives (and originally obtained by us) in different wavelengths and in a variety of directions. We use this data explore relationships between the aerosol loading and the sky brightness in a range of conditions, including several post-Pinatubo phases and during the passage of biomass burning induced haze and dust clouds. We use this data to explore the impact of our findings on the applicability of light scattering models and light scatterer properties.

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Dust in the Radio Galaxy and Merger Remnant NGC 1316 (Fornax A)

We present dust maps of NGC 1316 (Fornax A), a well-studied early-type galaxy located in the outskirts of the Fornax cluster. We used the Large APEX BOlometer CAmera (LABOCA), operating at 870 micron with an angular resolution of 19.5 arcseconds on the Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment (APEX) 12m submillimeter telescope in Chile and the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). WISE observes in four mid-infrared bands centered at 3.4, 4.6, 12 and 22 micron with angular resolutions ranging from 6 to 12 arcseconds. The WISE and LABOCA maps reveal emission from dust in the central 2 arcminutes of NGC 1316. The disturbed optical morphology with many shells and loops, the complex distribution of molecular gas and our dust maps are evidences of past merger activity or gas accretion in the galaxy. Combining the LABOCA flux measurement with existing mid- and far-infrared measurements, we estimate the temperature of the cold (~20 K) and warm (~55 K) dust components in the galaxy. This study will be extended to other southern radio galaxies and merger remnants. Those galaxies are good targets for future observations at higher angular resolution and sensitivity with ALMA to probe the interaction of the radio jets with the dusty molecular gas near active galactic nuclei.

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