arXiv subjects

Henri Samuel

Publications and source records attributed to Henri Samuel.

5 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Coupled atmospHere Interior modeL Intercomparison (CHILI). I. Evolutionary Modelling -- Primordial Magma Oceans of Earth and Venus

Earth and Venus represent two evolutionary outcomes arising from initially molten 'magma ocean' periods, followed by lifetimes of chemical and geophysical divergence. Their physics is common to all rocky planets and is accessible to simulations that adopt coupled interior-atmosphere modelling approaches. Our understanding of planet histories and interpretation of current states is dependent on this modelling, yet existing codes vary in their approximations. Here, we present the first results from the Coupled atmospHere Interior modeL Intercomparison (CHILI) project; benchmarking planetary evolution codes in the context of Earth and Venus to identify key model sensitivities. Our 'nominal' Earth models predict magma ocean solidification timescales within 4 Myr of thermal evolution, and are consistent with empirical constraints on Earth's early history. Venus scenarios exhibit more diverse behaviours where prolonged magma ocean stages can be conditionally sustained for 50 Myr. Cooling timescales correlate with initial hydrogen and carbon budgets, but model-specific treatments of volatile partitioning and vertical energy transport introduce substantial inter-model variance. Different parametrisations of mantle geodynamics, convection, melting curves, rheological properties, and radiative transfer give rise to divergent evolutionary behaviours. Discrepancies in atmospheres generated by magma ocean outgassing underscore these differences, although C-H-O compositions with surface pressures exceeding 100 bar are favoured. This intercomparison identifies critical sensitivities in volatile partitioning, escape processes, mantle viscosity, and melting. Validating these treatments is essential for enabling deep insight into the early histories of the Solar System's terrestrial planets, and for drawing meaningful interpretations from ongoing observational exoplanet campaigns.

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arXiv2023

The role of interior dynamics and differentiation on the surface and atmosphere of lava planets

Lava planets are rocky exoplanets that orbit so close to their host star that their day-side is hot enough to melt silicate rock. Their short orbital periods ensure that lava planets are tidally locked into synchronous rotation, with permanent day and night hemispheres. Such asymmetric magma oceans have no analogs in the Solar System and will exhibit novel fluid dynamics. Here we report numerical simulations of lava planet interiors showing that solid-liquid fractionation in the planetary interior has a major impact on the compositional structure and evolution of the planet. We explored two styles of dynamics that depend primarily on the interior thermal state : 1) a hot fully molten interior, and 2) a mostly solid interior with a shallow day-side magma ocean. In the hot interior scenario, the atmosphere reflects the planet's bulk silicate composition and the night-side crust is gravitationally unstable and constantly replenished. In the cool interior scenario, the distilled atmosphere will lack Na, K and FeO, and the night-side mantle is entirely solid, with a cold surface. These two end-member cases can be distinguished with observations from the James Webb Space Telescope, offering an avenue to probe the diversity of terrestrial exoplanet evolutions.

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arXiv2022

Convective outgassing efficiency in planetary magma oceans: insights from computational fluid dynamics

Planetary atmospheres are commonly thought to result from the efficient outgassing of cooling magma oceans. During this stage, vigorous convective motions in the molten interior are believed to rapidly transport the dissolved volatiles to shallow depths where they exsolve and burst at the surface. This assumption of efficient degassing and atmosphere formation has important implications for planetary evolution, but has never been tested against fluid dynamics considerations. Yet, during a convective cycle, only a finite fraction of the magma ocean can reach the shallow depths where volatiles exsolution can occur, and a large-scale circulation may prevent a substantial magma ocean volume from rapidly reaching the planetary surface. Therefore, we conducted computational fluid dynamics experiments of vigorous 2D and 3D Rayleigh-B\'enard convection at Prandtl number of unity to characterize the ability of the convecting fluid to reach shallow depths at which volatiles are exsolved and extracted to the atmosphere. Outgassing efficiency is essentially a function of the magnitude of the convective velocities. This allows deriving simple expressions to predict the time evolution of the amount of outgassed volatiles as a function of the magma ocean governing parameters. For plausible cases, the time required to exsolve all oversaturated water can exceed the magma ocean lifetime in a given highly vigorous transient stage, leading to incomplete or even negligible outgassing. Furthermore, the planet size and the initial magma ocean water content, through the convective vigor and the exsolution depth, respectively, strongly affect magma oceans degassing efficiency, possibly leading to divergent planetary evolution paths and resulting surface conditions. Overall, despite vigorous convection, for a significant range of parameters, convective degassing appears not as efficient as previously thought.

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arXiv2021

The Tidal-Thermal Evolution of the Pluto-Charon System

Existence of subsurface oceans on the satellites of the giant planets and Trans-Neptunian objects has been predicted for some time. Oceans on icy worlds exert a considerable influence on the dynamics of the ice-ocean system and, because of the astrobiological potential, represent an important objective for future missions. The Pluto-Charon system is representative of an icy moon orbiting a dwarf planet formed from the remnants of a giant impact. Evolution of icy moons is primarily controlled by the mode and efficiency of heat transfer through the outer ice shell, which is influenced by the presence of impurities, by tidal dissipation in the ice shell, and the radioactive element budget in the core. Previous studies on the evolution of the Pluto-Charon system considered either only the thermal or the tidal evolution, and in the cases where both were considered, the important effect of the presence of impurities in the liquid oceans was not addressed. We consider the joint tidal-thermal evolution of the system by combining a comprehensive tidal model that incorporates a viscoelastic tidal response with a parameterized convection model developed for icy worlds. This approach enables an extensive analysis of the conditions required for formation and maintenance of subsurface liquid oceans to the present. Our results show that because of fast circularization and synchronization of the orbits, tidal heating is only important during the early stages of evolution (<1 Myr). We test the sensitivity of our results to the initial orbital and thermal parameters. In all the cases, oceans on Pluto are always predicted to remain liquid to the present, ranging from 40 km to 150-km thick, whereas oceans on Charon have solidified. This is supported by New Horizons observations of extensional faults on Pluto and both extensional and compressional faults on Charon.

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arXiv2013

N-body simulations of oligarchic growth of Mars: Implications for Hf-W chronology

Dauphas and Pourmand (2011) [Nature 473, 489--492] estimated the accretion timescale of Mars to be 1.8 $^{+0.9}_{-1.0}$ Myr from the W isotopes of martian meteorites. This timescale was derived assuming perfect metal-silicate equilibration between the impactor and the target's mantle. However, in the case of a small impactor most likely only a fraction of the target's mantle is involved in the equilibration, while only a small part of the impactor's core equilibrates in the case of a giant impact. We examined the effects of imperfect equilibration using results of high-resolution $N$-body simulations for the oligarchic growth stage. These effects were found to be small as long as a planetary embryo has a deep liquid magma ocean during its accretion. The effect due to partial involvement of the target's mantle in equilibration is small due to the low metal-silicate partition coefficient for W suggested from the low Hf/W ratio of the martian mantle. The effect due to partial involvement of the impactor's core is also small because a large fraction of the embryo mass is delivered from small planetesimals, which are likely to fully equilibrate in the deep magma ocean on the embryo. The accretion timescale of Mars estimated by the Hf-W chronology is shorter than that expected for the minimum mass solar nebula model as long as more than 10% of each impactor's core re-equilibrates with the martian mantle and the final stages of accretion are prolonged. This probably indicates that accretion of Mars proceeded rapidly due to solid and gas surface densities significantly larger than those for the minimum mass solar nebula or due to accretion of small fragments or pebbles.

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