Diversity-Aware Client Selection for Communication-Efficient Federated Learning
Federated learning (FL) enables collaborative model training across distributed clients without sharing raw data, making it attractive for privacy-sensitive and bandwidth-constrained applications. A practical challenge in deploying FL is reducing communication overhead while maintaining model performance under heterogeneous, non-IID data distributions. Selecting which subset of clients participates in each training round offers a principled way to address both challenges simultaneously, yet its impact on data diversity and representativeness remains underexplored. In this paper, we investigate three client selection strategies, Power-of-Choice, Fisher information, and Centered Kernel Alignment, evaluating them not only by accuracy and convergence, but through the lens of participation diversity using the Gini coefficient and KL divergence. Under non-IID conditions, restricting participation to 15% of clients per round achieves significant communication savings, and when selection promotes diverse and balanced contributions, it also improves generalization over biased alternatives. This work provides a systematic and reproducible analysis demonstrating that diversity-focused client selection renders communication efficiency and model quality complementary rather than competing objectives.