Morse Theory and Stability of Periodic Billiard Trajectories
In a billiard table with $C^2$ boundary, trajectories are critical points of the negative length functional on the space of admissible paths in the billiard table. The goal of this paper is twofold: first, to prove theorems which aid in computing the Morse index of trajectories; second, to use the Morse index to determine the stability of periodic trajectories. To the first end, we prove discrete analogs to the Morse index theorem for arbitrary trajectories, which are critical points with respect to fixed-endpoint variations, and for periodic trajectories, which are critical points with respect to periodic variations. To the second end, we prove a criterion for linear stability of periodic trajectories depending on the Morse index of the second iterate of the trajectory, and prove a sufficient condition for a billiard table to carry a linearly stable 2-periodic trajectory.