arXiv subjects

Hideko Nomura

Publications and source records attributed to Hideko Nomura.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

arXiv2024

Carbon Isotope Fractionation of Complex Organic Molecules in Star-Forming Cores

Recent high-resolution and sensitivity ALMA observations have unveiled the carbon isotope ratios ($^{12}$C/$^{13}$C) of Complex Organic Molecules (COMs) in a low-mass protostellar source. To understand the $^{12}$C/$^{13}$C ratios of COMs, we investigated the carbon isotope fractionation of COMs from prestellar cores to protostellar cores with a gas-grain chemical network model. We confirmed that the $^{12}$C/$^{13}$C ratios of small molecules are bimodal in the prestellar phase: CO and species formed from CO (e.g., CH$_{3}$OH) are slightly enriched in $^{13}$C compared to the local ISM (by $\sim$ 10 $\%$), while those from C and C$^{+}$ are depleted in $^{13}$C owing to isotope exchange reactions. COMs are mainly formed on the grain surface and in the hot gas ($>$ 100 K) in the protostellar phase. The $^{12}$C/$^{13}$C ratios of COMs depend on which molecules the COMs are formed from. In our base model, some COMs in the hot gas are depleted in $^{13}$C compared to the observations. Thus, We additionally incorporate reactions between gaseous atomic C and H$_{2}$O ice or CO ice on the grain surface to form H$_2$CO ice or \ce{C2O} ice, as suggested by recent laboratory studies. The direct C-atom addition reactions open pathways to form \ce{^13C}-enriched COMs from atomic C and CO ice. We find that these direct C-atom addition reactions mitigate $^{13}$C-depletion of COMs, and the model with the direct C-atom addition reactions better reproduces the observations than our base model. We also discuss the impact of the cosmic ray ionization rate on the $^{12}$C/$^{13}$C ratio of COMs.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2024

Multiple chemical tracers finally unveil the intricate NGC\,1333 IRAS\,4A outflow system. FAUST XVI

The exploration of outflows in protobinary systems presents a challenging yet crucial endeavour, offering valuable insights into the dynamic interplay between protostars and their evolution. In this study, we examine the morphology and dynamics of jets and outflows within the IRAS\,4A protobinary system. This analysis is based on ALMA observations of SiO(5--4), H$_2$CO(3$_{0,3}$--2$_{0,3}$), and HDCO(4$_{1,4}$--3$_{1,3}$) with a spatial resolution of $\sim$150\,au. Leveraging an astrochemical approach involving the use of diverse tracers beyond traditional ones has enabled the identification of novel features and a comprehensive understanding of the broader outflow dynamics. Our analysis reveals the presence of two jets in the redshifted emission, emanating from IRAS\,4A1 and IRAS\,4A2, respectively. Furthermore, we identify four distinct outflows in the region for the first time, with each protostar, 4A1 and 4A2, contributing to two of them. We characterise the morphology and orientation of each outflow, challenging previous suggestions of bends in their trajectories. The outflow cavities of IRAS\,4A1 exhibit extensions of 10$''$ and 13$''$ with position angles (PA) of 0$^{\circ}$ and -12$^{\circ}$, respectively, while those of IRAS\,4A2 are more extended, spanning 18$''$ and 25$''$ with PAs of 29$^{\circ}$ and 26$^{\circ}$. We propose that the misalignment of the cavities is due to a jet precession in each protostar, a notion supported by the observation that the more extended cavities of the same source exhibit lower velocities, indicating they may stem from older ejection events.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2024

ALMA 2D Super-resolution Imaging of Taurus-Auriga Protoplanetary Disks: Probing Statistical Properties of Disk Substructures

In the past decade, ALMA observations of protoplanetary disks revealed various substructures including gaps and rings. Their origin may be probed through statistical studies on the physical properties of the substructures. We present the analyses of archival ALMA Band 6 continuum data of 43 disks (39 Class II and 4 Herbig Ae) in the Taurus-Auriga region. We employ a novel 2D super-resolution imaging technique based on sparse modeling to obtain images with high fidelity and spatial resolution. As a result, we have obtained images with spatial resolutions comparable to a few au ($0''.02 - 0''.1$), which is two to three times better than conventional CLEAN methods. All dust disks are spatially resolved, with the radii ranging from 8 to 238 au with a median radius of 45 au. Half of the disks harbor clear gap structures, whose radial locations show a bimodal distribution with peaks at $\lesssim20$ au and $\gtrsim30$ au. We also see structures indicating weak gaps at all the radii in the disk. We find that the widths of these gaps increase with their depths, which is consistent with the model of planet-disk interactions. The inferred planet mass-orbital radius distribution indicates that the planet distribution is analogous to our Solar System. However, planets with Neptune mass or lower may exist in all the radii.

astro-ph.EP↗

arXiv2024

Carbon isotope chemistry in protoplanetary disks: Effects of C/O ratios

Carbon isotope fractionation of CO has been reported in the disk around TW Hya,where elemental carbon is more abundant than elemental oxygen ([C/O]$_{\rm elem}$> 1). We investigated the effects of the [C/O]$_{\rm elem}$ ratio on carbon fractionation using astrochemical models that incorporate isotope-selective photodissociation and isotope-exchange reactions. The $^{12}$CO/$^{13}$CO ratio could be lower than the elemental carbon isotope ratio due to isotope exchange reactions when the [C/O]$_{\rm elem}$ ratio exceeds unity. The observed $^{12}$CO/$^{13}$CO and H$^{12}$CN/H$^{13}$CN ratios around TW Hya could be reproduced when the [C/O]$_{\rm elem}$ ratio is 2~5. In the vicinity of the lower boundary of the warm molecular layer, the formation of ices leads to the gas phase [C/O]$_{\rm elem}$ ratio approaching unity, irrespective of the total (gas + ice) [C/O]$_{\rm elem}$ ratio. This phenomenon reduces the variation in the $^{12}$CO/$^{13}$CO ratio across different [C/O]$_{\rm elem}$ ratios.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2024

The First Spatially-resolved Detection of $^{13}$CN in a Protoplanetary Disk and Evidence for Complex Carbon Isotope Fractionation

Recent measurements of carbon isotope ratios in both protoplanetary disks and exoplanet atmospheres have suggested a possible transfer of significant carbon isotope fractionation from disks to planets. For a clearer understanding of the isotopic link between disks and planets, it is important to measure the carbon isotope ratios in various species. In this paper, we present a detection of the $^{13}$CN $N=2-1$ hyperfine lines in the TW Hya disk with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array. This is the first spatially-resolved detection of $^{13}$CN in disks, which enables us to measure the spatially resolved $^{12}$CN/$^{13}$CN ratio for the first time. We conducted non-local thermal equilibrium modeling of the $^{13}$CN lines in conjunction with previously observed $^{12}$CN lines to derive the kinetic temperature, ${\rm H_2}$ volume density, and column densities of $^{12}$CN and $^{13}$CN. The ${\rm H_2}$ volume density is found to range between $ (4 - 10)\times10^7 \ {\rm cm^{-3}}$, suggesting that CN molecules mainly reside in the disk upper layer. The $^{12}$CN/$^{13}$CN ratio is measured to be $ 70^{+9}_{-6}$ at $30 < r < 80$ au from the central star, which is similar to the $\rm ^{12}C/^{13}C$ ratio in the interstellar medium. However, this value differs from the previously reported values found for other carbon-bearing molecules (CO and HCN) in the TW Hya disk. This could be self-consistently explained by different emission layer heights for different molecules combined with preferential sequestration of $\rm ^{12}C$ into the solid phase towards the disk midplane. This study reveals the complexity of the carbon isotope fractionation operating in disks.

astro-ph.EP↗

arXiv2024

An ALMA molecular inventory of warm Herbig Ae disks: I. Molecular rings, asymmetries and complexity in the HD 100546 disk

Observations of disks with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) allow us to map the chemical makeup of nearby protoplanetary disks with unprecedented spatial resolution and sensitivity. The typical outer Class II disk observed with ALMA is one with an elevated C/O ratio and a lack of oxygen-bearing complex organic molecules, but there are now some interesting exceptions: three transition disks around Herbig Ae stars all show oxygen-rich gas traced via the unique detections of the molecules SO and CH3OH. We present the first results of an ALMA line survey at 337 to 357 GHz of such disks and focus this paper on the first Herbig Ae disk to exhibit this chemical signature - HD 100546. In these data, we detect 19 different molecules including NO, SO and CH3OCHO (methyl formate). We also make the first tentative detections of H213CO and 34SO in protoplanetary disks. Multiple molecular species are detected in rings, which are, surprisingly, all peaking just beyond the underlying millimeter continuum ring at 200 au. This result demonstrates a clear connection between the large dust distribution and the chemistry in this flat outer disk. We discuss the physical and/or chemical origin of these sub-structures in relation to ongoing planet formation in the HD 100546 disk. We also investigate how similar and/or different the molecular make up of this disk is to other chemically well-characterised Herbig Ae disks. The line-rich data we present motivates the need for more ALMA line surveys to probe the observable chemistry in Herbig Ae systems which offer unique insight into the composition of disk ices, including complex organic molecules.

astro-ph.EP↗

arXiv2024

An ALMA molecular inventory of warm Herbig Ae disks: II. Abundant complex organics and volatile sulphur in the IRS 48 disk

The Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) can probe the molecular content of planet-forming disks with unprecedented sensitivity. These observations allow us to build up an inventory of the volatiles available for forming planets and comets. Herbig Ae transition disks are fruitful targets due to the thermal sublimation of complex organic molecule (COM) and likely H2O-rich ices in these disks. The IRS 48 disk shows a particularly rich chemistry that can be directly linked to its asymmetric dust trap. Here, we present ALMA observations of the IRS 48 disk where we detect 16 different molecules and make the first robust detections of H213CO, 34SO, 33SO and c-H2COCH2 (ethylene oxide) in a protoplanetary disk. All of the molecular emissions, aside from CO, are colocated with the dust trap and this includes newly detected simple molecules such as HCO+, HCN and CS. Interestingly, there are spatial offsets between different molecular families, including between the COMs and sulphur-bearing species, with the latter being more azimuthally extended and located radially further from the star. The abundances of the newly detected COMs relative to CH3OH are higher than the expected protostellar ratios, which implies some degree of chemical processing of the inherited ices during the disk lifetime. These data highlight IRS 48 as a unique astrochemical laboratory to unravel the full volatile reservoir at the epoch of planet and comet formation and the role of the disk in (re)setting chemical complexity.

astro-ph.EP↗

arXiv2023

Chemistry of Complex Organic Molecules in the V883 Ori Disk Revealed by ALMA Band 3 Observations

Complex organic molecules (COMs) in protoplanetary disks are key to understanding the origin of volatiles in comets in our solar system, yet the chemistry of COMs in protoplanetary disks remains poorly understood. Here we present Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) Band 3 observations of the disk around the young outbursting star V883 Ori, where the COMs sublimate from ices and are thus observable thanks to the warm condition of the disk. We have robustly identified ten oxygen-bearing COMs including $^{13}$C-isotopologues in the disk-integrated spectra. The radial distributions of the COM emission, revealed by the detailed analyses of the line profiles, show the inner emission cavity, similar to the previous observations in Band 6 and Band 7. We found that the COMs abundance ratios with respect to methanol are significantly higher than those in the warm protostellar envelopes of IRAS 16293-2422 and similar to the ratios in the solar system comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, suggesting the efficient (re-)formation of COMs in protoplanetary disks. We also constrained the $^{12}$C/$^{13}$C and D/H ratios of COMs in protoplanetary disks for the first time. The $^{12}$C/$^{13}$C ratios of acetaldehyde, methyl formate, and dimethyl ether are consistently lower ($\sim$ 20-30) than the canonical ratio in the interstellar medium ($\sim$ 69), indicating the efficient $^{13}$C-fractionation of CO. The D/H ratios of methyl formate are slightly lower than the values in IRAS 16293-2422, possibly pointing to the destruction and reformation of COMs in disks. We also discuss the implications for nitrogen and sulfur chemistry in protoplanetary disks.

astro-ph.EP↗

arXiv2023

GREX-PLUS Science Book

GREX-PLUS (Galaxy Reionization EXplorer and PLanetary Universe Spectrometer) is a mission candidate for a JAXA's strategic L-class mission to be launched in the 2030s. Its primary sciences are two-fold: galaxy formation and evolution and planetary system formation and evolution. The GREX-PLUS spacecraft will carry a 1.2 m primary mirror aperture telescope cooled down to 50 K. The two science instruments will be onboard: a wide-field camera in the 2-8 $μ$m wavelength band and a high resolution spectrometer with a wavelength resolution of 30,000 in the 10-18 $μ$m band. The GREX-PLUS wide-field camera aims to detect the first generation of galaxies at redshift $z>15$. The GREX-PLUS high resolution spectrometer aims to identify the location of the water ``snow line'' in proto-planetary disks. Both instruments will provide unique data sets for a broad range of scientific topics including galaxy mass assembly, origin of supermassive blackholes, infrared background radiation, molecular spectroscopy in the interstellar medium, transit spectroscopy for exoplanet atmosphere, planetary atmosphere in the Solar system, and so on.

astro-ph.CO↗

arXiv2022

Sulphur monoxide emission tracing an embedded planet in the HD 100546 protoplanetary disk

Molecular line observations are powerful tracers of the physical and chemical conditions across the different evolutionary stages of star, disk and planet formation. Using the high angular resolution and unprecedented sensitivity of the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) there is now a drive to detect small-scale gas structures in protoplanetary disks that can be attributed directly to forming planets. We report high angular resolution ALMA Band 7 observations of sulphur monoxide (SO) in the nearby planet-hosting disk around Herbig star HD 100546. SO is rarely detected in evolved protoplanetary disks but in other environments, it is most often utilised as a tracer of shocks. The SO emission from the HD 100546 disk is primarily originating from gas within the approx. 20 au mm-dust cavity and shows a clear azimuthal brightness asymmetry of a factor of 2. In addition, we see a significant difference in the line profile shape when comparing these new Cycle 7 data to Cycle 0 data of the same SO transitions. We discuss the different physical/chemical mechanisms that could be responsible for this asymmetry and time variability including disk winds, disk warps, and a shock triggered by a (forming) planet. We propose that the SO is enhanced in the cavity due to the presence of a giant planet. The SO asymmetry complements evidence for hot circumplanetary material around the giant planet HD 100546 c traced via CO ro-vibrational emission. This work sets the stage for further observational and modelling efforts to detect and understand the chemical imprint of a forming planet on its parent disk.

astro-ph.EP↗

arXiv2022

Different degrees of nitrogen and carbon depletion in the warm molecular layers of protoplanetary disks

Observations have revealed that the elemental abundances of carbon and oxygen in the warm molecular layers of some protoplanetary disks are depleted compared to those is the interstellar medium by a factor of ~10-100. Meanwhile, little is known about nitrogen. To investigate the time evolution of nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen elemental abundances in disks, we develop a one-dimensional model that incorporates dust settling, turbulent diffusion of dust and ices, as well as gas-ice chemistry including the chemistry driven by stellar UV/X-rays and the galactic cosmic rays. We find that gaseous CO in the warm molecular layer is converted to CO2 ice and locked up near the midplane via the combination of turbulent mixing (i.e., the vertical cold finger effect) and ice chemistry driven by stellar UV photons. On the other hand, gaseous N2, the main nitrogen reservoir in the warm molecular layer, is less processed by ice chemistry, and exists as it is. Then the nitrogen depletion occurs solely by the vertical cold finger effect of N2. As the binding energy of N2 is lower than that of CO and CO2, the degree of nitrogen depletion is smaller than that of carbon and oxygen depletion, leading to higher elemental abundance of nitrogen than that of carbon and oxygen. This evolution occurs within 1 Myr and proceeds further, when the $α$ parameter for the diffusion coefficient is ~0.001. Consequently, the N2H+/CO column density ratio increases with time. How the vertical transport affects the midplane ice composition is briefly discussed.

astro-ph.EP↗

arXiv2022

Discovery of Line Pressure Broadening and Direct Constraint on Gas Surface Density in a Protoplanetary Disk

The gas surface density profile of protoplanetary disks is one of the most fundamental physical properties to understand planet formation. However, it is challenging to determine the surface density profile observationally, because the H$_2$ emission cannot be observed in low-temperature regions. We analyzed the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) archival data of the \co line toward the protoplanetary disk around TW Hya and discovered extremely broad line wings due to the pressure broadening. In conjunction with a previously reported optically thin CO isotopologue line, the pressure broadened line wings enabled us to directly determine the midplane gas density for the first time. The gas surface density at $\sim5$ au from the central star reaches $\sim 10^3\ {\rm g\ cm^{-2}}$, which suggests that the inner region of the disk has enough mass to form a Jupiter-mass planet. Additionally, the gas surface density drops at the inner cavity by $\sim2$ orders of magnitude compared to outside the cavity. We also found a low CO abundance of $\sim 10^{-6}$ with respect to H$_2$, even inside the CO snowline, which suggests conversion of CO to less volatile species. Combining our results with previous studies, the gas surface density jumps at $r\sim 20$ au, suggesting that the inner region ($3<r<20$ au) might be the magnetorotational instability dead zone. This study sheds light on direct gas-surface-density constraint without assuming the CO/H$_2$ ratio using ALMA.

astro-ph.EP↗

arXiv2022

The Molecular Composition of Shadowed Protosolar Disk Midplanes beyond the Water Snowline

The disk midplane temperature is potentially affected by the dust traps/rings. The dust depletion beyond the water snowline will cast a shadow. In this study, we adopt a detailed gas-grain chemical reaction network, and investigate the radial gas and ice abundance distributions of dominant carbon-, oxygen-, and nitrogen-bearing molecules in disks with shadow structures beyond the water snowline around a protosolar-like star. In shadowed disks, the dust grains at around $3-8$ au are predicted to have more than around $5-10$ times amounts of ices of organic molecules such as H$_{2}$CO, CH$_{3}$OH, and NH$_{2}$CHO, saturated hydrocarbon ices such as CH$_{4}$ and C$_{2}$H$_{6}$, in addition to H$_{2}$O, CO, CO$_{2}$, NH$_{3}$, N$_{2}$, and HCN ices, compared with those in non-shadowed disks. In the shadowed regions, we find that hydrogenation (especially of CO ice) is the dominant formation mechanism of complex organic molecules. The gas-phase N/O ratios show much larger spatial variations than the gas-phase C/O ratios, thus the N/O ratio is predicted to be a useful tracer of the shadowed region. N$_{2}$H$^{+}$ line emission is a potential tracer of the shadowed region. We conclude that a shadowed region allows the recondensation of key volatiles onto dust grains, provides a region of chemical enrichment of ices that is much closer to the star than within a non-shadowed disk, and may explain to some degree the trapping of O$_{2}$ ice in dust grains that formed comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. We discuss that, if formed in a shadowed disk, Jupiter does not need to have migrated vast distances.

astro-ph.EP↗

arXiv2022

Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) III: Characteristics of Radial Chemical Substructures

The Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) Large Program provides a detailed, high resolution (${\sim}$10-20 au) view of molecular line emission in five protoplanetary disks at spatial scales relevant for planet formation. Here, we present a systematic analysis of chemical substructures in 18 molecular lines toward the MAPS sources: IM Lup, GM Aur, AS 209, HD 163296, and MWC 480. We identify more than 200 chemical substructures, which are found at nearly all radii where line emission is detected. A wide diversity of radial morphologies - including rings, gaps, and plateaus - is observed both within each disk and across the MAPS sample. This diversity in line emission profiles is also present in the innermost 50 au. Overall, this suggests that planets form in varied chemical environments both across disks and at different radii within the same disk. Interior to 150 au, the majority of chemical substructures across the MAPS disks are spatially coincident with substructures in the millimeter continuum, indicative of physical and chemical links between the disk midplane and warm, elevated molecular emission layers. Some chemical substructures in the inner disk and most chemical substructures exterior to 150 au cannot be directly linked to dust substructure, however, which indicates that there are also other causes of chemical substructures, such as snowlines, gradients in UV photon fluxes, ionization, and radially-varying elemental ratios. This implies that chemical substructures could be developed into powerful probes of different disk characteristics, in addition to influencing the environments within which planets assemble. This paper is part of the MAPS special issue of the Astrophysical Journal Supplement.

astro-ph.EP↗

arXiv2022

A new method for direct measurement of isotopologue ratios in protoplanetary disks: a case study of the $^{12}$CO/$^{13}$CO ratio in the TW Hya disk

Planetary systems are thought to be born in protoplanetary disks. Isotope ratios are a powerful tool for investigating the material origin and evolution from molecular clouds to planetary systems via protoplanetary disks. However, it is challenging to measure the isotope (isotopologue) ratios, especially in protoplanetary disks, because the emission lines of major species are saturated. We developed a new method to overcome these challenges by using optically thin line wings induced by thermal broadening. As a first application of the method, we analyzed two carbon monoxide isotopologue lines, $^{12}$CO $3-2$ and $^{13}$CO $3-2$, from archival observations of a protoplanetary disk around TW Hya with the Atacama Large Millimeter/sub-millimeter Array. The $^{12}$CO/$^{13}$CO ratio was estimated to be ${ 20\pm5}$ at disk radii of ${ 70-110}$ au, which is significantly smaller than the value observed in the local interstellar medium, $\sim69$. It implies that an isotope exchange reaction occurs in a low-temperature environment with $\rm C/O>1$ . In contrast, it is suggested that $^{12}$CO/$^{13}$CO is higher than $\sim{ 84}$ in the outer disk ($r > { 130}$ au), which can be explained by the difference in the binding energy of the isotopologues on dust grains and the CO gas depletion processes. Our results imply that the gas-phase $^{12}$CO/$^{13}$CO can vary by a factor of ${ > 4}$ even inside a protoplanetary disk, and therefore, can be used to trace material evolution in disks.

astro-ph.EP↗

arXiv2022

Unveiling the outer dust disc of TW Hya with deep ALMA observations

The radial extent of millimetre dust in protoplanetary discs is often far smaller than that of their gas, mostly due to processes such as dust growth and radial drift. However, it has been suggested that current millimetre continuum observations of discs do not trace their full extent due to limited sensitivity. In this Letter, we present deep (19 $μ$Jy beam$^{-1}$) moderate resolution (0.37") ALMA observations at 1 mm of the nearest protoplanetary disc, TW Hya. Using the visibility analysis tool `frank', we reveal a structured millimetre intensity distribution out to 100 au, well beyond previous estimates of 60-70 au. Our analysis suggests the presence of a new millimetre continuum gap at 82 au, coincident with similar features seen in optical/near-infrared scattered light and millimetre molecular line observations. Examination of the fit residuals confirms the presence of the previously reported au-scale continuum excess at 52 au (P.A. = 242.5 degrees). Our results demonstrate the utility of combining deep, moderate resolution observations with super-resolution analysis techniques to probe the faintest regions of protoplanetary discs.

astro-ph.EP↗

arXiv2022

Superrotation of Titan's stratosphere driven by the radiative heating of the haze layer

Titan's stratosphere has been observed in a superrotation state, where the atmosphere rotates many times faster than the surface does. Another characteristics of Titan's atmosphere is the presence of thick haze layer. In this paper, we performed numerical experiments using a General Circulation Model (GCM), to explore the effects of the haze layer on the stratospheric superrotation. We employed a semi-gray radiation model of Titan's atmosphere following McKay et al. (1999), which takes account of the sunlight absorption by haze particles. The phase change of methane or the seasonal changes were not taken into account. Our model with the radiation parameters tuned for Titan yielded the global eastward wind around the equator with larger velocities at higher altitudes except at around 70 km after $10^5$ Earth days. Although the atmosphere is not in an equilibrium state, the zonal wind profiles is approximately consistent with the observed one. Analysis on our experiments suggests that the quasi-stationary stratospheric superrotation is maintained by the balance between the meridional circulation decoupled from the surface, and the eddies that transport angular momentum equatorward. This is different from, but similar to, the so-called Gierasch mechanism, in which momentum is supplied from the surface. This structure may explain the no-wind region at about $80$ km in altitude.

astro-ph.EP↗

arXiv2022

ALMA High-resolution Multiband Analysis for the Protoplanetary Disk around TW Hya

We present a high-resolution (2.5 au) multiband analysis of the protoplanetary disk around TW Hya using ALMA long baseline data at Bands 3, 4, 6, and 7. We aim to reconstruct a high-sensitivity millimeter continuum image and revisit the spectral index distribution. The imaging is performed by combining new ALMA data at Bands 4 and 6 with available archive data. Two methods are employed to reconstruct the images; multi-frequency synthesis (MFS) and the fiducial image-oriented method, where each band is imaged separately and the frequency dependence is fitted pixel by pixel. We find that the MFS imaging with the second order of Taylor expansion can reproduce the frequency dependence of the continuum emission between Bands 3 and 7 in a manner consistent with previous studies and is a reasonable method to reconstruct the spectral index map. The image-oriented method provides a spectral index map consistent with the MFS imaging, but with a two times lower resolution. Mock observations of an intensity model were conducted to validate the images from the two methods. We find that the MFS imaging provides a high-resolution spectral index distribution with an uncertainty of $<10$~\%. Using the submillimeter spectrum reproduced from our MFS images, we directly calculated the optical depth, power-law index of the dust opacity coefficient ($β$), and dust temperature. The derived parameters are consistent with previous works, and the enhancement of $β$ within the intensity gaps is also confirmed, supporting a deficit of millimeter-sized grains within the gaps.

astro-ph.EP↗