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Hideo Matsuhara

Publications and source records attributed to Hideo Matsuhara.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

AGN selection in the AKARI NEP deep field with the fuzzy SVM algorithm

The aim of this work is to create a new catalog of reliable AGN candidates selected from the AKARI NEP-Deep field. Selection of the AGN candidates was done by applying a fuzzy SVM algorithm, which allows to incorporate measurement uncertainties into the classification process. The training dataset was based on the spectroscopic data available for selected objects in the NEP-Deep and NEP-Wide fields. The generalization sample was based on the AKARI NEP-Deep field data including objects without optical counterparts and making use of the infrared information only. A high quality catalog of previously unclassified 275 AGN candidates was prepared.

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Do Galaxy Morphologies Really Affect the Efficiency of Star Formation during the Phase of Galaxy Transition?

Recent simulations predict that the presence of stellar bulge suppress the efficiency of star formation in early-type galaxies, and this `morphological quenching' scenario is supported by many observations. In this study, we discuss the net effect of galaxy morphologies on the star formation efficiency (SFE) during the phase of galaxy transition, on the basis of our CO($J=1-0$) observations of 28 local `green-valley' galaxies with the Nobeyama 45m Radio Telescope. We observed 13 `disk-dominated' and 15 `bulge-dominated' green-valley galaxies at fixed stellar mass ($M_*$) and star formation rate (SFR), supplemented by 1 disk- and 6 bulge-dominated galaxies satisfying the same criteria from the xCOLD~GASS survey. By using a total of 35 green-valley galaxies, we reveal that the distributions of molecular gas mass, molecular gas fraction, and SFE of green-valley galaxies do not change with their morphologies, suggesting little impact of galaxy morphologies on their SFE, and interestingly this result is also valid for normal star-forming galaxies on the SF main-sequence selected from the xCOLD~GASS galaxies. On the other hand, we find that $\sim$20 % of bulge-dominated green-valley galaxies do not show significant CO emission line, showing high SFEs for their M$_*$ and SFR. These molecular gas deficient sources identified only in the bulge-dominated green-valley galaxies may represent an important population during the quenching phase under the influence of stellar bulge, but our results suggest that the presence of stellar bulge does not decrease the efficiency of on-going star formation, in contrast to the prediction of the morphological quenching scenario.

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Characteristics of mid-infrared PAH emission from star-forming galaxies selected at 250 μm in the North Ecliptic Pole (NEP) field

Evolutionary properties of infrared (IR) luminous galaxies are important keys to understand dust-obscured star formation history and galaxy evolution. Based on the near- to mid-IR imaging with 9 continuous filters of AKARI space telescope, we present the characteristics of dusty star-forming (SF) galalxies showing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) features observed by the North Ecliptic Pole (NEP) wide field survey of AKARI and Herschel. All the sample galaxies from the AKARI/NEP-Wide data are selected based both on the Herschel/SPIRE 250 μm detection and optical spectroscopic redshift data. The physical modelling of spectral energy distribution (SED) using all available data points from u to sub-mm 500 μm band, including WISE and PACS data where available, takes unique advantages of the continuous near to mid-IR coverage, reliable constraint on far-IR peak, spectroscopically determined accurate redshifts, as well as energy balance principle by MAGPHYS. This enables us to derive physically meaningful and accurate total infrared luminosity and 8 μm (or PAH) luminosity consistently. Our sample galaxies are in the redshift range z <1, and majority of them appear to be normal SF/spiral populations showing PAH features near the 8 μm. These SF galaxies showing PAHs in the mid-IR include various types from quiescent to starbursts. Some of our sample show shortage of 8 μm luminosity compared to the total IR luminosity and this PAH deficit gets severe in more luminous IR galaxies, suggesting PAH molecules in these galaxies destroyed by strong radiation field from SF region or a large amount of cold dust in ISM. The specific SFR of our sample shows mass dependent time evolution which is consistent with downsizing evolutionary pattern.

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Infrared luminosity functions based on 18 mid-infrared bands: revealing cosmic star formation history with AKARI and Hyper Suprime-Cam

Much of the star formation is obscured by dust. For the complete understanding of the cosmic star formation history (CSFH), infrared (IR) census is indispensable. AKARI carried out deep mid-infrared observations using its continuous 9-band filters in the North Ecliptic Pole (NEP) field (5.4 deg$^2$). This took significant amount of satellite's lifetime, $\sim$10\% of the entire pointed observations. By combining archival Spitzer (5 bands) and WISE (4 bands) mid-IR photometry, we have, in total, 18 band mid-IR photometry, which is the most comprehensive photometric coverage in mid-IR for thousands of galaxies. However previously, we only had shallow optical imaging ($\sim$25.9ABmag) in a small area of 1.0 deg$^2$. As a result, there remained thousands of AKARI's infrared sources undetected in optical. Using the new Hyper Suprime-Cam on Subaru telescope, we obtained deep enough optical images of the entire AKARI NEP field in 5 broad bands ($g\sim$27.5mag). These provided photometric redshift, and thereby IR luminosity for the previously undetected faint AKARI IR sources. Combined with the accurate mid-IR luminosity measurement, we constructed mid-IR LFs, and thereby performed a census of dust-obscured CSFH in the entire AKARI NEP field. We have measured restframe 8$μ$m, 12$μ$m luminosity functions (LFs), and estimated total infrared LFs at 0.35$<$z$<$2.2. Our results are consistent with our previous work, but with much reduced statistical errors thanks to the large area coverage of the new data. We have possibly witnessed the turnover of CSFH at $z\sim$2.

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Does AGN Fraction Depend on Redshift or Luminosity? An Extinction-Free Test by 18-band Mid-infrared SED Fitting in the AKARI NEP Wide Field

Revealing what fraction of galaxies harbor AGN is central in understanding black hole accretion history of the Universe. However, optical and soft X-ray surveys miss the most highly obscured AGNs. Infrared (IR), instead, is more robust against absorption. Previous IR photometric surveys, however, only had 4 or 5 filters in mid-IR. Our AKARI North Ecliptic Pole (NEP) wide field sample has 18 filters in mid-IR (9 from AKARI, 4 from WISE, and 5 from Spitzer), for the first time, allowing a sophisticated mid-IR SED fitting diagnosis for a statistical number of sources (89178 over 5.4 deg$^2$). By using a SED fitting technique, we investigate the evolution of AGN fraction as a function of redshift and IR (8-1000 $μ$m) luminosity in an extinction-free way. We found that the AGN fraction (F$_{\rm AGN}$) shows no sign of strong redshift evolution. Instead, F$_{\rm AGN}$ increases with increasing IR luminosity in all redshifts bins ($0<z<2$).

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The Herschel-PACS North Ecliptic Pole Survey

A detailed analysis of Herschel-PACS observations at the North Ecliptic Pole is presented. High quality maps, covering an area of 0.44 square degrees, are produced and then used to derive potential candidate source lists. A rigorous quality control pipeline has been used to create final legacy catalogues in the PACS Green 100 micron and Red 160 micron bands, containing 1384 and 630 sources respectively. These catalogues reach to more than twice the depth of the current archival Herschel/PACS Point Source Catalogue, detecting 400 and 270 more sources in the short and long wavelength bands respectively. Galaxy source counts are constructed that extend down to flux densities of 6mJy and 19mJy (50% completeness) in the Green 100 micron and Red 160 micron bands respectively. These source counts are consistent with previously published PACS number counts in other fields across the sky. The source counts are then compared with a galaxy evolution model identifying a population of luminous infrared galaxies as responsible for the bulk of the galaxy evolution over the flux range (5-100mJy) spanned by the observed counts, contributing approximate fractions of 50% and 60% to the cosmic infrared background (CIRB) at 100 microns and 160 microns respectively.

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Cosmic star formation history revealed by AKARI and Hyper Suprime-Cam

Understanding infrared (IR) luminosity is fundamental to understanding the cosmic star formation history and AGN evolution. Japanese infrared satellite, AKARI, provided unique data sets to probe this both at low and high redshift; the AKARI all sky survey in 6 bands (9-160 $μ$m), and the AKARI NEP survey in 9 bands (2-24$μ$m). The AKARI performed all sky survey in 6 IR bands (9, 18, 65, 90, 140, and 160 $μ$m) with 3-10 times better sensitivity than IRAS, covering the crucial far-IR wavelengths across the peak of the dust emission. Combined with a better spatial resolution, we measure the total infrared luminosity ($L_{TIR}$) of individual galaxies, and thus, the total infrared luminosity density of the local Universe much more precisely than previous work. In the AKARI NEP wide field, AKARI has obtained deep images in the mid-infrared (IR), covering 5.4 deg$^2$. However, our previous work was limited to the central area of 0.25 deg$^2$ due to the lack of deep optical coverage. To rectify the situation, we used the newly advent Subaru telescope's Hyper Suprime-Cam to obtain deep optical images over the entire 5.4 deg$^2$ of the AKARI NEP wide field. With this deep and wide optical data, we, for the first time, can use the entire AKARI NEP wide data to construct restframe 8$μ$m, 12$μ$m, and total infrared (TIR) luminosity functions (LFs) at 0.15$<z<$2.2. A continuous 9-band filter coverage in the mid-IR wavelength (2.4, 3.2, 4.1, 7, 9, 11, 15, 18, and 24$μ$m) by the AKARI satellite allowed us to estimate restframe 8$μ$m and 12$μ$m luminosities without using a large extrapolation based on a SED fit, which was the largest uncertainty in previous work. By combining these two results, we reveal dust-hidden cosmic star formation history and AGN evolution from z=0 to z=2.2, all probed by the AKARI satellite.

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North Ecliptic Pole multi-wavelength survey : new optical data with Hyper Suprime-Cam and near-future prospects with eROSITA

The AKARI North Ecliptic Pole (NEP) survey consists of two survey projects: NEP-Deep (0.5 sq.deg) and NEP-Wide (5.4 sq.deg), providing with tens of thousands of galaxies. A continuous filter coverage in the mid-infrared wavelengths (7, 9, 11, 15, 18 and 24 $μ$m) is unique to diagnose the contributions from dusty star-formation activity and AGNs. Here we present current status focused on the newly obtained optical images and near-future prospects with a new X-ray telescope. Hyper Suprime-Cam on Subaru telescope is a gigantic optical camera with huge Field of View (FoV). Thanks to the wide FoV, we successfully obtained deep optical images at g, r, i, z and Y-bands covering most of the NEP-Wide field. Using the deep optical images, we identified over 5000 optical counterparts of the mid-IR sources, presumably deeply obscured galaxies in NEP-Wide field. We also investigated properties of these infrared sources with SED-fitting. eROSITA, to be launched early 2018, is a new all-sky X-ray survey telescope, and expected to conduct ultra deep 2-10 keV imaging toward NEP. We expect unprecedentedly numerous Compton-thick AGN candidates when combined with the multi-wavelength data in NEP region.

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AGN selection by 18-band SED fitting in mid-infrared in the AKARI NEP deep field

In this research, we provide a new, efficient method to select infrared (IR) active galatic nucleus (AGN). In the past, AGN selection in IR had been established by many studies using color-color diagrams. However, those methods have a problem in common that the number of bands is limited. The AKARI North Ecliptic Pole (NEP) survey was carried out by the AKARI Infrared Camera (IRC), which has 9 filters in mid-IR with a continuous wavelength coverage from 2 to 24$μ$m$^{-1}$. Based on the intrinsic different mid-IR features of AGN and star-forming galaxies (SFGs), we performed SED fitting to separate these two populations by the best-fitting model. In the X-ray AGN sample, our method by SED fitting selects 50$\%$ AGNs, while the previous method by colour criteria recovers only 30$\%$ of them, which is a significant improvement. Furthermore, in the whole NEP deep sample, SED fitting selects two times more AGNs than the color selection. This may imply that the black hole accretion history could be more stronger than people expected before.

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Mid-infrared excess from the west hot spot of the radio galaxy Pictor A unveiled by WISE

Mid-infrared properties are reported of the west hot spot of the radio galaxy Pictor A with the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). The mid-infrared counterpart to the hot spot, WISE J051926.26-454554.1, is listed in the AllWISE source catalog. The source was detected in all the four WISE photometric bands. A comparison between the WISE and radio images reinforces the physical association of the \wise\ source to the hot spot. The WISE flux density of the source was carefully evaluated. A close investigation of the multi-wavelength synchrotron spectral energy distribution from the object reveals a mid-infrared excess at the wavelength of $λ=22$ $μ$m with a statistical significance of $4.8 σ$ over the simple power-law extrapolation from the synchrotron radio spectrum. The excess is reinforced by single and double cutoff power-law modeling of the radio-to-optical spectral energy distribution. The synchrotron cutoff frequency of the main and excess components was evaluated as $7.1 \times 10^{14}$ Hz and $5.5 \times 10^{13}$ Hz, respectively. From the cutoff frequency, the magnetic field of the emission region was constrained as a function of the region size. In order to interpret the excess component, an electron population different from the main one dominating the observed radio spectrum is necessary. The excess emission is proposed to originate in a sub structure within the hot spot, in which the magnetic field is by a factor of a few stronger than that in the minimum energy condition. The relation of the mid-infrared excess to the X-ray emission is briefly discussed.

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Laboratory demonstration of a cryogenic deformable mirror for wavefront correction of space-borne infrared telescopes

This paper demonstrates a cryogenic deformable mirror (DM) with 1,020 actuators based on micro-electrical mechanical systems (MEMS) technology. Cryogenic space-borne infrared telescopes can experience a wavefront error due to a figure error of their mirror surface, which makes the imaging performance worse. For on-orbit wavefront correction as one solution, we developed a MEMS-processed electro-static DM with a special surrounding structure for use under the cryogenic temperature. We conducted a laboratory demonstration of its operation in three cooling cycles between 5 K and 295 K. Using a laser interferometer, we detected the deformation corresponding to the applied voltages under the cryogenic temperature for the first time. The relationship between voltages and displacements was qualitatively expressed by the quadratic function, which is assumed based on the principle of electro-static DMs. We also found that it had a high operating repeatability of a few nm RMS and no significant hysteresis. Using the measured values of repeatability, we simulated the improvement of PSF by wavefront correction with our DM. These results show that our developed DM is effective in improving imaging performance and PSF contrast of space-borne infrared telescopes.

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A universal correlation between star-formation activity and molecular gas properties across environments

We present the molecular gas mass fraction ($f_\mathrm{H_2}$) and star-formation efficiency (SFE) of local galaxies on the basis of our new CO($J=1-0$) observations with the Nobeyama 45m radio telescope, combined with the COLDGASS galaxy catalog, as a function of galaxy environment defined as the local number density of galaxies measured with SDSS DR7 spectroscopic data. Our sample covers a wide range in the stellar mass and SFR, and covers wide environmental range over two orders of magnitude. This allows us to conduct the first, systematic study of environmental dependence of molecular gas properties in galaxies from the lowest- to the highest-density environments in the local universe. We confirm that both $f_\mathrm{H_2}$ and SFE have strong positive correlations with the SFR offset from the star-forming main sequence ($Δ$MS), and most importantly, we find that these correlations are universal across all environments. Our result demonstrates that star-formation activity within individual galaxies is primarily controlled by their molecular gas content, regardless of their global environment. Therefore, we claim that one always needs to be careful about the $Δ$MS distribution of the sample when investigating the environmental effects on the H$_2$ gas content in galaxies.

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An extinction free AGN selection by 18-band SED fitting in mid-infrared in the AKARI NEP deep field

We have developed an efficient Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN) selection method using 18-band Spectral Energy Distribution (SED) fitting in mid-infrared (mid-IR). AGNs are often obscured by gas and dust, and those obscured AGNs tend to be missed in optical, UV and soft X-ray observations. Mid-IR light can help us to recover them in an obscuration free way using their thermal emission. On the other hand, Star-Forming Galaxies (SFG) also have strong PAH emission features in mid-IR. Hence, establishing an accurate method to separate populations of AGN and SFG is important. However, in previous mid-IR surveys, only 3 or 4 filters were available, and thus the selection was limited. We combined AKARI's continuous 9 mid-IR bands with WISE and Spitzer data to create 18 mid-IR bands for AGN selection. Among 4682 galaxies in the AKARI NEP deep field, 1388 are selected to be AGN hosts, which implies an AGN fraction of 29.6$\pm$0.8$\%$ (among them 47$\%$ are Seyfert 1.8 and 2). Comparing the result from SED fitting into WISE and Spitzer colour-colour diagram reveals that Seyferts are often missed by previous studies. Our result has been tested by stacking median magnitude for each sample. Using X-ray data from Chandra, we compared the result of our SED fitting with WISE's colour box selection. We recovered more X-ray detected AGN than previous methods by 20$\%$.

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Relation between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, Br$α$ and infrared luminosity of local galaxies observed with AKARI

We produce a catalogue of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) 3.3 $μ$m, Br$α$ and infrared luminosity ($L$(IR)) of 412 local galaxies, and investigate a relation between these physical parameters. We measure the PAH 3.3 $μ$m and Br$α$ flux using AKARI 2-5 $μ$m spectra and the $L$(IR) using the AKARI-all-sky-survey data. The $L$(IR) and redshift ranges of our sample are $L$(IR)=$10^{9.7-12.8}$L$_\odot$ and $z_{\rm spec}=0.002-0.3$, respectively. We found that the ratio of $L$(PAH 3.3 $μ$m) to $L$(IR) is constant at $L$(IR) $<$ $10^{11} \rm L_\odot$ whereas it decreases with the $L$(IR) at higher $L$(IR). Also, the ratio of $L$(Br$α$) to $L$(IR) decreases with the $L$(IR). The both $L$(PAH)/$L$(IR) and $L$(Br$α$)/$L$(IR) ratios are not strongly dependent on galaxy type and dust temperature. The relative weakness of the two ratios could be attributed to destruction of PAH, a lack of UV photons exciting PAH molecules or ionising hydrogen gas, extremely high dust attenuation, or active galactic nucleus contribution to the $L$(IR). Although we cannot determine the cause of the decreases of the luminosity ratios, a clear correlation between them implies that they are related with each other. The catalogue presented in our work will be available at the AKARI archive web page.

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Cold Molecular Gas Along the Merger Sequence in Local Luminous Infrared Galaxies

We present an initial result from the 12CO (J=1-0) survey of 79 galaxies in 62 local luminous and ultra-luminous infrared galaxy (LIRG and ULIRG) systems obtained using the 45 m telescope at the Nobeyama Radio Observatory. This is the systematic 12CO (J=1-0) survey of the Great Observatories All-sky LIRGs Survey (GOALS) sample. The molecular gas mass of the sample ranges 2.2 x 10^8 - 7.0 x 10^9 Msun within the central several kiloparsecs subtending 15" beam. A method to estimate a size of a CO gas distribution is introduced, which is combined with the total CO flux in the literature. The method is applied to a part of our sample and we find that the median CO radius is 1-4 kpc. From the early stage to the late stage of mergers, we find that the CO size decreases while the median value of the molecular gas mass in the central several kpc region is constant. Our results statistically support a scenario where molecular gas inflows towards the central region from the outer disk, to replenish gas consumed by starburst, and that such a process is common in merging LIRGs.

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The mass--metallicity relation AKARI-FMOS infrared galaxies at $z\sim0.88$ in the AKARI North Ecliptic Pole Deep Survey Field

Mass, metallicity, and star formation rate (SFR) of a galaxy are crucial parameters in understanding galaxy formation and evolution. However, the relation among these is still a matter of debate for luminous infrared galaxies, which carry a bulk of SFR budget of the universe at $z\sim1$. We have investigated the relation among stellar mass, gas-phase oxygen abundance, and SFR of AKARI-detected mid-IR galaxies at $z\sim0.88$ in the AKARI NEP deep field. We observed about 350 AKARI sources with Subaru/FMOS NIR spectrograph, and detected secure and expected H$α$ emission lines from 25 and 44 galaxies, respectively. The SFR of our sample is almost constant ($\sim 25M_{\odot}/yr$) over the stellar mass range of our sample. Compared with main-sequence (MS) galaxies at a similar redshift range, the average SFR of our detected sample is comparable for massive galaxies ($\sim10^{10.58}~M_{\odot}$), while higher by $\sim$0.6dex for less massive galaxies ($\sim 10^{10.05}~M_{\odot}$). We measure metallicities from the [NII]/H$α$ emission line ratio. We find that the mass-metallicity relation of our individually measured sources agrees with that for optical-selected star-forming galaxies at $z\sim0.1$, while metallicities of stacked spectra agree with that of MS galaxies at $z\sim0.78$. Considering high SFR of individually measured sources, FMR of the IR galaxies is different from that at $z\sim0.1$. However, on the mass-metallicity plane, they are consistent with the MS galaxies, highlighting higher SFR of the IR galaxies. This suggests the evolutionary path of our IR galaxies is different from that of MS galaxies. A possible physical interpretation includes that the star-formation activities of IR galaxies at $z\sim0.88$ in our sample are enhanced by interaction and/or merger of galaxies, but the inflow of metal-poor gas is not yet induced, keeping the metallicity intact.

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Far-infrared properties of infrared bright dust-obscured galaxies selected with IRAS and AKARI far-infrared all-sky survey

We investigate the star forming activity of a sample of infrared (IR)-bright dust-obscured galaxies (DOGs) that show an extreme red color in the optical and IR regime, $(i - [22])_{\rm AB} > 7.0$. Combining an IR-bright DOG sample with the flux at 22 $μ$m $>$ 3.8 mJy discovered by Toba & Nagao (2016) with IRAS faint source catalog version 2 and AKARI far-IR (FIR) all-sky survey bright source catalog version 2, we selected 109 DOGs with FIR data. For a subsample of 7 IR-bright DOGs with spectroscopic redshift ($0.07 < z < 1.0$) that was obtained from literature, we estimated their IR luminosity, star formation rate (SFR), and stellar mass based on the spectral energy distribution fitting. We found that (i) WISE 22 $μ$m luminosity at observed frame is a good indicator of IR luminosity for IR-bright DOGs and (ii) the contribution of active galactic nucleus (AGN) to IR luminosity increases with IR luminosity. By comparing the stellar mass and SFR relation for our DOG sample and literature, we found that most of IR-bright DOGs lie significantly above the main sequence of star-forming galaxies at similar redshift, indicating that the majority of IRAS- and/or AKARI-detected IR-bright DOGs are starburst galaxies.

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Clustering of infrared-bright dust-obscured galaxies revealed by the Hyper Suprime-Cam and WISE

We present measurements of the clustering properties of a sample of infrared (IR) bright dust-obscured galaxies (DOGs). Combining 125 deg$^2$ of wide and deep optical images obtained with the Hyper Suprime-Cam on the Subaru Telescope and all-sky mid-IR (MIR) images taken with Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer, we have discovered 4,367 IR-bright DOGs with $(i - [22])_{\rm AB}$ $>$ 7.0 and flux density at 22 $μ$m $>$ 1.0 mJy. We calculate the angular autocorrelation function (ACF) for a uniform subsample of 1411 DOGs with 3.0 mJy $<$ flux (22 $mu$m) $<$ 5.0 mJy and $i_{\rm AB}$ $<$ 24.0. The ACF of our DOG subsample is well-fit with a single power-law, $ω(θ)$ = (0.010 $\pm$ 0.003) $θ^{-0.9}$, where $θ$ in degrees. The correlation amplitude of IR-bright DOGs is larger than that of IR-faint DOGs, which reflects a flux-dependence of the DOG clustering, as suggested by Brodwin et al. (2008). We assume that the redshift distribution for our DOG sample is Gaussian, and consider 2 cases: (1) the redshift distribution is the same as IR-faint DOGs with flux at 22 $μ$m $<$ 1.0 mJy, mean and sigma $z$ = 1.99 $\pm$ 0.45, and (2) $z$ = 1.19 $\pm$ 0.30, as inferred from their photometric redshifts. The inferred correlation length of IR-bright DOGs is $r_0$ = 12.0 $\pm$ 2.0 and 10.3 $\pm$ 1.7 $h^{-1}$ Mpc, respectively. IR-bright DOGs reside in massive dark matter halos with a mass of $\log [\langle M_{\mathrm{h}} \rangle / (h^{-1} M_{\odot})]$ = 13.57$_{-0.55}^{+0.50}$ and 13.65$_{-0.52}^{+0.45}$ in the two cases, respectively.

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