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Hironao Miyatake

Publications and source records attributed to Hironao Miyatake.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

Future of Artificial Intelligence for Science in Japan 2024 Community Report

This white paper summarizes scientific challenges and AI/ML research opportunities identified through the FAIRS Japan 2024 unconference process. The discussion focuses on three major physics domains: accelerator physics, cosmology and astrophysics, and neutrino physics. Although each domain has distinct scientific goals and experimental constraints, several common technical themes emerge: high-dimensional reconstruction, fast and accurate simulation, uncertainty propagation, simulation-to-data mismatch, anomaly detection, real-time decision-making, and shared infrastructure.

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The Roman eXtreme Deep Field (RXDF)

The Roman eXtreme Deep Field (RXDF) program is one of the five General Astrophysics Survey (GAS) programs approved for observing time with the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope in Cycles 1 and 2. It has been allocated 386.41 hours to carry out an imaging survey to AB = 30 mag (5-sigma) over ~140x larger area than the Hubble eXtreme Deep Field (HXDF) full-depth area (ACS+WFC3/IR). The RXDF will cover the full Roman wavelength range with 7 bands, reaching AB = 30 mag in RZYJH, 29 mag in F, and 28 mag in K, over a full-depth area of 678.75 arcmin^2 embedded in a total area of 1,243 arcmin^2, and far exceeding the depths of the Roman Core Community Surveys (CCS). The RXDF is within the Euclid Ultra Deep Field (EUDF) near the North Ecliptic Pole (NEP), a strategic long-term field for generational space facilities, with a wealth of multi-wavelength data including extensive coverage from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) NEXUS Treasury program. The observations will cover 3 epochs at a 1-year cadence, each epoch divided into 3 sub-epochs ~10 days apart, enabling time-domain studies on time baselines from ~10 days to over ~2 years. The RXDF is uniquely positioned to address critical questions in reionization, large scale structure (LSS), growth of supermassive black holes (SMBHs), little red dots (LRDs), and high-z supernovae (SNe); the volumes probed by HST+JWST are too small at these extreme depths, and even the deepest CCS tiers are too shallow. In addition to our key objectives, a wealth of additional science will be enabled by engaging the community with our rapidly released datasets, revolutionizing a wide range of science for a lasting legacy. This short document, which is converted from the approved RXDF proposal, aims to provide the community with a summary of the program.

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LoVoCCS. III. Third Generation Pipeline & The Hercules Supercluster

The Local Volume Complete Cluster Survey (LoVoCCS) is a volume-complete survey of over one-hundred nearby ($0.03 < z < 0.12$), X-ray luminous ($L_{500} > 10^{44} \text{ erg s}^{-1}$) galaxy clusters in the southern sky. Observations for the survey concluded in December 2025, reaching Vera C. Rubin Observatory's Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) Year 1-2 depth in each field and providing observations with $\lesssim 1"$ seeing for weak lensing science. In this paper, we present the latest pipeline for reducing observations using the third-generation of the LSST Science Pipelines. We use recent observations of the Hercules Supercluster to validate the pipeline's data-products and conduct an extensive multi-plane weak-lensing analysis of a $\sim 16 \text{ deg}^2$ complex covering Abell 2147, 2151, 2152, and several additional structures. We confirm that the dynamical mass of the complex is biased due to the dynamical state of Abell 2147, which is consistent with being $\sim 0.2-0.4 \text{ Gyr}$ out-of periapsis, and estimate that the total mass of the supercluster is $8.9^{+1.7}_{-1.4} \times 10^{14}~M_{\odot}$.

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Weak-lensing mass calibration of \emph{Planck} Sunyaev--Zel'dovich clusters with HSC-SSP Year~3

We present a weak gravitational lensing mass calibration of 19 \textit{Planck} Sunyaev--Zel'dovich (SZ) selected galaxy clusters using shape measurements from the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program (HSC-SSP) Year 3 shape catalog. We measure the stacked weak-lensing signal $ΔΣ(R)$ using per-cluster lensing weights that match the measurement pipeline's stacking scheme, and construct an analytical covariance matrix that includes shape noise and projected large-scale structure contributions. Our primary constraint on the SZ mass bias comes from a forward-modeling approach that integrates over the halo mass function while accounting for the \textit{Planck} SZ selection function, Eddington bias from log-normal scatter in the SZ mass proxy, and cluster miscentering. Fitting four free parameters, the log mass bias $\ln(1-b)$, the miscentered fraction $f_{\rm mis}$, the offset scale $σ_{\rm off}$, and the SZ scatter $σ_{\ln M}$, over the radial range $0.5$--$5.0\,h^{-1}\,\mathrm{Mpc}$, we obtain $1-b = 0.73^{+0.10}_{-0.11}$ with $χ^2/\mathrm{dof} = 5.2/5$ at an effective redshift $z_{\rm eff}\simeq 0.24$. This measurement is consistent with recent weak-lensing calibrations of SZ-selected clusters and supports the picture that significant mass bias corrections are required to reconcile cluster abundance measurements with primary cosmic microwave background constraints on cosmological parameters.

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Hyper Suprime-Cam Y3 results: photo-$z$ bias calibration with lensing shear ratios and cosmological constraints from cosmic shear

We present an independent calibration of the photometric redshift (photo-$z$) distributions for source galaxies in the HSC-Y3 weak lensing survey using small-scale galaxy-galaxy lensing. By measuring the tangential shear around spectroscopic lens galaxies from GAMA, SDSS, and DESI, divided into fifteen narrow redshift bins, we compute shear ratios that are sensitive to the mean redshift of source galaxies. Using a blinded analysis, we derive constraints on the photo-$z$ bias parameters in source bins 2, 3 and 4, achieving signal-to-noise ratios of 59, 75, and 62, respectively. Our constraints for $Δz_2$, $Δz_3$ and $Δz_4$ are consistent with those from HSC-Y3 cosmic shear modeling. We observe a mild shift in the $Δz_3$--$Δz_4$ plane due to the heterogeneous depth of the lens sample, which disappears when using only DESI-DR1 lenses. Combining shear-ratio measurements with cosmic shear data, we obtain joint constraints on cosmological parameters: $Ω_{\rm m} = 0.304_{-0.029}^{+0.03}$ and $S_8 = 0.773_{-0.031}^{+0.031}$, consistent with cosmic shear-only results. This work demonstrates the utility of small-scale lensing as an independent probe for calibrating photometric redshift bias in weak lensing cosmology.

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Luminosity-Dependent Assembly Bias of Central Galaxies from Weak Lensing and Clustering

Assembly bias, which is the variation in halo clustering at fixed mass driven by formation history, has long been predicted by numerical simulations but remains difficult to confirm observationally. Previous studies have reported evidence for halo assembly bias by dividing samples according to galaxy stellar mass using various methods. In this work, we present observational measurements of halo assembly bias based on the luminosity of spectroscopically confirmed brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs). Using cluster catalogs and shear measurements from the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys, we employ a mass-dependent halo-bias model to disentangle halo bias from its underlying mass dependence in galaxy-galaxy lensing and clustering measurements. We confirm that brighter BCGs are less strongly clustered on large scales, with a relative bias ratio deviating from unity at the $\sim3σ$ level, suggesting the presence of assembly bias. Similar qualitative trends are also found in the FLAMINGO and MillenniumTNG hydrodynamical simulations, strengthening the connection between galaxy luminosity and halo formation history.

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Modelling Galaxy Clustering and Tomographic Galaxy-Galaxy Lensing with HSC Y3 and SDSS using the Point-Mass Correction Model and Redshift Self-Calibration

The combination of galaxy-galaxy weak lensing and galaxy clustering is a powerful probe of the cosmological model, and exploration of how to best model and extract this information from the signals is essential. We present the measurement of the galaxy-galaxy weak lensing signals using the SDSS DR11 spectroscopic galaxies as lens galaxies, and the HSC Y3 shear catalog as source galaxies, binned into four tomographic bins by their photometric redshift. The SDSS DR11 galaxies, with a redshift range $0.15<z<0.7$, are binned into three redshift bins, each as a probe for measuring the projected correlation function, $w_p(R_p)$. We measure the galaxy-galaxy lensing signal $ΔΣ(R_p)$ in 12 lens-source bin pairs and show that there is no evidence for significant systematic biases in the measurement with null testing. We combine our $w_p(R_p)$ and $ΔΣ(R_p)$ ($2\times2$pt) data vectors and perform likelihood inference with a flat $Λ$CDM model. For $ΔΣ(R_p)$, we extend the lower limit of the scale cut compared to previous HSC Y3 analyses to $2 h^{-1}$Mpc by including a point-mass correction term in addition to the minimal bias model. We present various tests to validate our model and provide extended consistency tests. In the $Λ$CDM context, our fiducial model yields $S_8 = 0.804^{+0.051}_{-0.051}$. The $2\times2$pt data vector provides redshift parameter constraints for the third and fourth redshift bins $Δz_3 = -0.079^{+0.074}_{-0.084}$, and $Δz_4 = -0.203^{+0.167}_{-0.206}$, which is consistent with results from the previous tomographic cosmic shear studies, and serves as the foundation for a future $3\times 2$pt analysis.

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Cosmology and Source Redshift Constraints from Galaxy Clustering and Tomographic Weak Lensing with HSC Y3 and SDSS using the Point-Mass Correction Model

The combination of galaxy clustering and weak lensing is a powerful probe of the cosmology model. We present a joint analysis of galaxy clustering and weak lensing cosmology using SDSS data as the tracer of dark matter (lens sample) and the HSC Y3 dataset as source galaxies. The analysis divides HSC Y3 galaxies into four tomographic bins for both galaxy-galaxy lensing and cosmic shear measurements, and employs a point-mass correction model to utilize galaxy-galaxy lensing signals down to 2$h^{-1}$Mpc, extending up to 70$h^{-1}$Mpc. These strategies enhance the signal-to-noise ratio of the galaxy-galaxy lensing data vector. Using a flat $Λ$CDM model, we find $S_8 = 0.780^{+0.029}_{-0.030}$, and using a $w$CDM model, we obtain $S_8 = 0.756^{+0.038}_{-0.036}$ with $w = -1.176^{+0.310}_{-0.346}$. We apply uninformative priors on the redshift mean-shift parameters for the third and fourth tomographic bins. Leveraging the self-calibration power of tomographic weak lensing, we measure $Δz_3 = -0.112^{+0.046}_{-0.049}$ and $Δz_4 = -0.185^{+0.071}_{-0.081}$, in agreement with previous HSC Y3 results. This demonstrates that weak lensing self-calibration can achieve redshift constraints comparable to other methods such as photometric and clustering redshift calibration.

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CMB lensing tomography with clustering estimation of lens redshift distributions

We develop a clustering-based redshift estimation approach for CMB lensing tomography, focusing on the kernel function of the lensing galaxies. Within a linear galaxy bias framework, we derive estimators for this kernel from two-point cross-correlations between lens mass and reference samples. The reconstructed kernel then enables a theoretical prediction for the angular cross-power spectrum \(C_{gκ}\) between CMB lensing convergence and lens galaxies. As a proof of concept, we measure \(C_{gκ}\) by correlating the \emph{Planck} PR4 convergence map with NVSS+SUMSS radio galaxies (\(0\lesssim z\lesssim 3\)). We estimate the radio-galaxy kernel by collectively cross-correlating their distribution with spectroscopic and photometric surveys (2MPZ, LOWZ-CMASS, eBOSS DR16 LRGs, and Gaia-unWISE QSOs). From the measured \(C_{gκ}\), we obtain \(σ_8 = 0.86^{+0.12}_{-0.09}\) when the density parameter is set to the {\it Planck} value of $Ω_m = 0.315$; this is in good agreement with the \emph{Planck} normalisation of $σ_8 = 0.812$.

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Cosmology with Galaxy Clusters

We review recent advancements in cosmology with galaxy clusters. Galaxy clusters are the most massive objects in the Universe. Consequently the cluster number density as a function of cluster mass, or cluster abundance, is sensitive to cosmological parameters, particularly the matter density of the Universe $Ω_{\rm m}$ and the amplitude of matter density fluctuation $σ_8$. In this review, we describe the methods used to detect galaxy clusters through optical near-infrared (O-NIR), X-ray, and CMB observations, outlining the advantages and disadvantages of cluster detection through different wavelengths. We describe methods for measuring cluster mass, with a particular focus on calibration by WL measurements. We then discuss how the connection between observables in different wavelengths and cluster abundance can be modeled through a cluster selection function and MOR, and quantify the impact of marginalization of nuisance parameters on cosmological constraints. Finally, we also walk through the recent results of cosmological constraints by cluster abundance with the O-NIR, X-ray, and CMB observations.

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UNIONS: The Ultraviolet Near-Infrared Optical Northern Survey

The Ultraviolet Near-Infrared Optical Northern Survey (UNIONS) is a "collaboration of collaborations" that is using the Canada-France-Hawai'i Telescope, the Pan-STARRS telescopes, and the Subaru Observatory to obtain $ugriz$ images of a core survey region of 6250 deg$^2$ of the northern sky. The $10σ$ point source depth of the data, as measured within a 2-arcsecond diameter aperture, are $[u,g,r,i,z] = [23.7, 24.5, 24.2, 23.8, 23.3]$\ in AB magnitudes. UNIONS is addressing some of the most fundamental questions in astronomy, including the properties of dark matter, the growth of structure in the Universe from the very smallest galaxies to large-scale structure, and the assembly of the Milky Way. It is set to become the major ground-based legacy survey for the northern hemisphere for the next decade and provides an essential northern complement to the static-sky science of the Vera C. Rubin Observatory's Legacy Survey of Space and Time. UNIONS supports the core science mission of the {\it Euclid} space mission by providing the data necessary in the northern hemisphere for the calibration of the wavelength dependence of the {\it Euclid} point-spread function and derivation of photometric redshifts in the North Galactic Cap. This region contains the highest quality sky for {\it Euclid}, with low backgrounds from the zodiacal light, stellar density, extinction, and emission from Galactic cirrus. Here, we describe the UNIONS survey components, science goals, data products, and the current status of the overall program.

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The Blending ToolKit: A simulation framework for evaluation of galaxy detection and deblending

We present an open source Python library for simulating overlapping (i.e., blended) images of galaxies and performing self-consistent comparisons of detection and deblending algorithms based on a suite of metrics. The package, named Blending Toolkit (BTK), serves as a modular, flexible, easy-to-install, and simple-to-use interface for exploring and analyzing systematic effects related to blended galaxies in cosmological surveys such as the Vera Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST). BTK has three main components: (1) a set of modules that perform fast image simulations of blended galaxies, using the open source image simulation package GalSim; (2) a module that standardizes the inputs and outputs of existing deblending algorithms; (3) a library of deblending metrics commonly defined in the galaxy deblending literature. In combination, these modules allow researchers to explore the impacts of galaxy blending in cosmological surveys. Additionally, BTK provides researchers who are developing a new deblending algorithm a framework to evaluate algorithm performance and make principled comparisons with existing deblenders. BTK includes a suite of tutorials and comprehensive documentation. The source code is publicly available on GitHub at https://github.com/LSSTDESC/BlendingToolKit.

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Baryon Pasting the Uchuu Lightcone Simulation

We present the Baryon Pasted (BP) X-ray and thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (tSZ) maps derived from the half-sky Uchuu Lightcone simulation. These BP-Uchuu maps are constructed using more than $75$ million dark matter halos with masses $M_{500c} \geq 10^{13} M_\odot$ within the redshift range $0 \leq z \leq 2$. A distinctive feature of our BP-Uchuu Lightcone maps is their capability to assess the influence of both extrinsic and intrinsic scatter caused by triaxial gaseous halos and internal gas characteristics, respectively, at the map level. We show that triaxial gas drives substantial scatter in X-ray luminosities of clusters and groups, accounting for nearly half of the total scatter in core-excised measurements. Additionally, scatter in the thermal pressure and gas density profiles of halos enhances the X-ray and SZ power spectra, leading to biases in cosmological parameter estimates. These findings are statistically robust due to the extensive sky coverage and large halo sample in the BP-Uchuu maps. The BP-Uchuu maps are publicly available on https://app.globus.org/file-manager?origin_id=cf8dadb7-b6e9-4e2c-abc1-0813877efc13 .

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Weak-Lensing Shear-Selected Galaxy Clusters from the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program: I. Cluster Catalog, Selection Function and Mass--Observable Relation

We present the first step toward deriving cosmological constraints through the abundances of galaxy clusters selected in a $510\,\mathrm{deg}^2$ weak-lensing aperture mass map, constructed with the Year-Three shear catalog from the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program. We adopt a conservative source galaxy selection to construct a sample of $129$ weak-lensing peaks with a signal-to-noise ratio above $4.7$. We use semi-analytical injection simulations to derive the selection function and the mass--observable relation of our sample. These results take into account complicated uncertainties associated with weak-lensing measurements, such as the non-uniform survey depth and the complex survey geometry, projection effects from uncorrelated large-scale structures, and the intrinsic alignment of source galaxies. We also propose a novel modeling framework to make parts of the mass--observable relation insensitive to assumed cosmological parameters. Such a framework not only offers a great computational advantage to cosmological studies, but can also benefit future astrophysical studies using shear-selected clusters. Our results are an important step toward utilizing these cluster samples that are constructed nearly independent of any baryonic assumptions in upcoming deep-and-wide lensing surveys from the Vera Rubin Observatory, Euclid, and the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope.

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Dark matter halos of luminous AGNs from galaxy-galaxy lensing with the HSC Subaru Strategic Program

We assess the dark matter halo masses of luminous AGNs over the redshift range 0.2 to 1.2 using galaxy-galaxy lensing based on imaging data from the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program (HSC-SSP). We measure the weak lensing signal of a sample of 48907 AGNs constructed using HSC and WISE photometry. %The lensing detection around AGNs has a signal to noise ratio of \textbf{29}. As expected, we find that the lensing mass profile of total AGN sample is consistent with that of massive galaxies ($\rm log(M_{*}/h^{-2}M_\odot)\sim$ 10.61). Surprisingly, the lensing signal remains unchanged when the AGN sample is split into four stellar mass bins of host galaxies. Specifically, we find that the excess surface density (ESD) of AGNs, residing in galaxies with high stellar masses, significantly differs from that of the control sample. We further fit a halo occupation distribution model to the data to infer the posterior distribution of parameters including the average halo mass. We find that the characteristic halo mass of the full AGN population lies near the knee ($\rm log(M_h/h^{-1}M_{\odot})=12.0$) of the stellar-to-halo mass relation (SHMR). Illustrative of the results given above, the halo masses of AGNs residing in host galaxies with high stellar masses (i.e., above the knee of the SHMR) falls below the calibrated SHMR while the halo mass of the low stellar mass sample is more consistent with the established SHMR. These results indicate that massive halos with higher clustering bias tends to suppress AGN activity, probably due to the lack of available gas.

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Masses of Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Galaxy Clusters Detected by The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Stacked Lensing Measurements with Subaru HSC Year 3 data

We present a stacked lensing analysis of 96 galaxy clusters selected by the thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect in maps of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). We select foreground galaxy clusters with a $5σ$-level SZ threshold in CMB observations from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope, while we define background source galaxies for the lensing analysis with secure photometric redshift cuts in Year 3 data of the Subaru Hyper Suprime Cam survey. We detect the stacked lensing signal in the range of $0.1 < R\, [h^{-1}\mathrm{Mpc}] < 100$ in each of three cluster redshift bins, $0.092<z\le0.445$, $0.445<z\le0.695$, and $0.695<z\le1.180$, with 32 galaxy clusters in each bin. The cumulative signal-to-noise ratios of the lensing signal are $14.6$, $12.0$, and $6.6$, respectively. Using a halo-based forward model, we then constrain statistical relationships between the mass inferred from the SZ observation (i.e. SZ mass) and the total mass derived from our stacked lensing measurements. At the average SZ mass in the cluster sample ($2.1-2.4\times10^{14}\, h^{-1}M_\odot$), our likelihood analysis shows that the average total mass differs from the SZ counterpart by a factor of $1.3 \pm 0.2$, $1.6 \pm 0.2$, and $1.6 \pm 0.3$ ($68\%$) in the aforementioned redshift ranges, respectively. Our limits are consistent with previous lensing measurements, and we find that the cluster modeling choices can introduce a $1σ$-level difference in our parameter inferences.

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Weak-Lensing Shear-Selected Galaxy Clusters from the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program: II. Cosmological Constraints from the Cluster Abundance

We present cosmological constraints using the abundance of weak-lensing shear-selected galaxy clusters in the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) Subaru Strategic Program. The clusters are selected on the mass maps constructed using the three-year (Y3) weak-lensing data with an area of $\approx500~$deg$^2$, resulting in a sample size of $129$ clusters with high signal-to-noise ratios $ν$ of $ν\geq4.7$. Owing to the deep, wide-field, and uniform imaging of the HSC survey, this is by far the largest sample of shear-selected clusters, in which the selection solely depends on gravity and is free from any assumptions about the dynamical state. Informed by the optical counterparts, the shear-selected clusters span a redshift range of $z\lesssim0.7$ with a median of $z\approx0.3$. The lensing sources are securely selected at $z\gtrsim0.7$ with a median of $z\approx1.3$, leading to nearly zero cluster member contamination. We carefully account for (1) the bias in the photometric redshift of sources, (2) the bias and scatter in the weak-lensing mass using a simulation-based calibration, and (3) the measurement uncertainty that is directly estimated on the mass maps using an injection-based method developed in a companion paper (Chen et al. submitted). In a blind analysis, the fully marginalized posteriors of the cosmological parameters are obtained as $Ω_{\mathrm{m}} = 0.50^{+0.28}_{-0.24}$, $σ_8 = 0.685^{+0.161}_{-0.088}$, $\hat{S}_{8}\equivσ_8\left(Ω_{\mathrm{m}}/0.3\right)^{0.25} = 0.835^{+0.041}_{-0.044}$, and $σ_8\left(Ω_{\mathrm{m}}/0.3\right)^{0.5} = 0.993^{+0.084}_{-0.126}$ in a flat $Λ$CDM model. We compare our cosmological constraints with other studies, including those based on cluster abundances, galaxy-galaxy lensing and clustering, and Cosmic Microwave Background observed by $Planck$, and find good agreement at levels of $\lesssim2σ$. [abridged]

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KiDS-1000: Combined halo-model cosmology constraints from galaxy abundance, galaxy clustering and galaxy-galaxy lensing

We present constraints on the flat $Λ$CDM cosmological model through a joint analysis of galaxy abundance, galaxy clustering and galaxy-galaxy lensing observables with the Kilo-Degree Survey. Our theoretical model combines a flexible conditional stellar mass function, to describe the galaxy-halo connection, with a cosmological N-body simulation-calibrated halo model to describe the non-linear matter field. Our magnitude-limited bright galaxy sample combines 9-band optical-to-near-infrared photometry with an extensive and complete spectroscopic training sample to provide accurate redshift and stellar mass estimates. Our faint galaxy sample provides a background of accurately calibrated lensing measurements. We constrain the structure growth parameter $S_8=σ_8\sqrt{Ω_{\mathrm{m}}/0.3}=0.773^{+0.028}_{-0.030}$, and the matter density parameter $Ω_{\mathrm{m}}=0.290^{+0.021}_{-0.017}$. The galaxy-halo connection model adopted in the work is shown to be in agreement with previous studies. Our constraints on cosmological parameters are comparable to, and consistent with, joint $3\times2{\mathrm{pt}}$ clustering-lensing analyses that additionally include a cosmic shear observable. This analysis therefore brings attention to the significant constraining power in the often-excluded non-linear scales for galaxy clustering and galaxy-galaxy lensing observables. By adopting a theoretical model that accounts for non-linear halo bias, halo exclusion, scale-dependent galaxy bias and the impact of baryon feedback, this work demonstrates the potential and a way forward to include non-linear scales in cosmological analyses. Varying the width of the satellite galaxy distribution with an additional parameter yields a strong preference for sub-Poissonian variance, improving the goodness of fit by 0.18 in reduced $χ^{2}$ value compared to a fixed Poisson distribution.

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