Where Do Humans Look When Demonstrating to Robots? Human Gaze Behavior in Pick-and-Place Tasks Across Demonstration Devices
Imitation learning for generalizable performance often requires a large volume of demonstration data, making the process significantly costly. One promising strategy to address this challenge is to leverage the cognitive skills of human demonstrators with strong generalization capability, particularly by revealing the underlying task demands reflected in their gaze behavior. However, imitation learning typically involves humans collecting data using demonstration devices that emulate a robot's embodiment and visual condition. This raises the question of how such devices influence gaze behavior. We propose an experimental framework that systematically analyzes human demonstrators' gaze behavior across a spectrum of robot-emulating demonstration devices. Our experimental results show that certain device properties shift gaze from task-goal cues (e.g., objects) toward control-monitoring cues (e.g., the end-effector). Furthermore, these shifts directly affect the performance of typical gaze-based imitation learning models, sometimes degrading it below non-gaze baselines.