Hiroto Odaka | Searcharxiv

arXiv2026

Vortical similarities across laminar and turbulent extreme gust encounters

This study uncovers a striking similarity between massively separated laminar and turbulent flows that develop over a square wing during extreme vortex gust encounters. The evolving large-scale, vortical core structures responsible for significant transient lift variations exhibit remarkable similarity across Re = 600 and 10,000. The formation of these structures is attributed to a substantial gust-induced vorticity flux produced at the wing surface, resulting in shared large-scale topological features between the low- and high-Reynolds-number flows. Although fine-scale vortical structures quickly emerge in the Re = 10,000 case, the large-scale structures identified by scale decomposition of the turbulent flow resemble those observed at Re = 600. These findings suggest that large-scale vortical features present in laminar extreme aerodynamic flows provide key insights into their higher Reynolds number counterparts, potentially reducing the complexity of flow modeling and control for extreme aerodynamics.

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2025

Extreme vortex gust encounters by a square wing

Extreme gust encounters by finite wings with disturbance velocity exceeding their cruise speed remain largely unexplored, while particularly relevant to miniature-scale aircraft. This study considers extreme aerodynamic flows around a square wing and the large, unsteady forces that result from gust encounters. We analyse the evolution of three-dimensional, large-scale vortical structures and their complex interactions with the wing by performing direct numerical simulations at a chord-based Reynolds number of 600. We find that a strong incoming positive gust vortex induces a prominent leading-edge vortex (LEV) on the upper surface of the wing, accompanied by tip vortices (TiVs) strengthened through the interaction. Conversely, a strong negative gust vortex induces an LEV on the lower surface of the wing and causes a reversal in TiV orientation. In both extreme vortex gust encounters, the wing experiences significant lift fluctuations. Furthermore, we identify two opposing effects of the TiVs on the large lift fluctuations. First, the enhanced or reversed TiVs contribute to significant lift surges or drops by generating large low-pressure cores near the wing. Second, the TiVs play a part in attenuating lift fluctuations through enhanced downwash or upwash, formation of an arch vortex, and distortion of vortical structure around the wing corners. The second effect outweighs the first, resulting in smaller transient lift changes on the finite wing compared to the 2D wing. We also show that flying above a positive gust vortex or flying below a negative one can mitigate lift fluctuations during encounters. The current findings provide potential guidance on how TiV dynamics and wing positions could be leveraged to alleviate large transient lift fluctuations experienced by finite wings in severe gust conditions.

physics.flu-dyn↗