arXiv subjects

Ho-Meoyng Choi

Publications and source records attributed to Ho-Meoyng Choi.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Kaon T-even transverse-momentum-dependent distributions and form factors in a self-consistent light-front quark model

We present a self-consistent light-front quark model (LFQM) for the kaon based on the Bakamjian--Thomas (BT) construction and apply it to the electromagnetic and scalar form factors, as well as the full set of unpolarized T-even transverse-momentum-dependent distributions (TMDs) and their collinear parton distribution functions (PDFs). A uniform implementation of the invariant mass $M_0$ in both the hadronic matrix elements and the associated Lorentz structures enforces four-momentum conservation at the meson--quark vertex and yields current-component--independent observables by consistently incorporating the light-front zero-mode structure required by covariance. The electromagnetic form factor $F_{K^+}(Q^2)$ is demonstrated to be unique by explicit computation from all available current components ($γ^+$, $γ^\perp$, and $γ^-$). In the scalar channel, we compare the direct $f_S(Q^2)$ and mass-factored $F_S(Q^2)$ definitions and show that they are not interchangeable within the BT-based LFQM, since the replacement $M\!\to\!M_0(x,\bm{k}_\perp)$ must be implemented at the integrand level. Using a Gaussian light-front wave function, the twist-2 TMD $f_1^q$ exhibits an exact Gaussian dependence in $\bm{k}_\perp$, while higher-twist TMDs ($f^{\perp q}$, $e^q$, $f_4^q$) display systematic twist and flavor hierarchies. We further analyze the perturbative QCD evolution of the valence PDFs for the pion and kaon and report their Mellin moments at representative scales, enabling direct comparison with phenomenology.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2025

The (3+1)-dimensional scalar field model analysis of beam spin asymmetry in the electroproduction of a scalar meson off a scalar target

We explore exclusive scalar meson electroproduction off a scalar target in the (3+1)-dimensional scalar field model. This model analysis is a straightforward extension of the previous (1+1)-dimensional model analysis presented in Phys. Rev. D \textbf{105}, 096014 (2022). In contrast to the (1+1)-dimensional model, the (3+1)-dimensional model allows us to compute the beam spin asymmetry (BSA), which is proportional to the imaginary part of the product of the two Compton form factors (CFFs) that appear in the hadronic current of the present scalar meson electroproduction process. We compute both real and imaginary parts of the CFFs and note that the BSA is detectable for $-t/Q^2 \gtrsim 0.1$ although it gets quite small in the kinematic region $-t/Q^2 \ll 0.1$ where the factorization of the generalized parton distribution (GPD) is attainable. We find the analytic forms of the leading twist GPD for the DGLAP and ERBL regions in the (3+1)-dimensional scalar field model, confirming its uniqueness independent of the hadronic current component. While we verify that the GPD sum rule for the total result of summing the DGLAP and ERBL regions holds for all components of the hadronic current, we note that the respective correspondence of the DGLAP and ERBL regions to the valence and non-valence parts of the electromagnetic form factor holds only for the light-front plus component of the hadronic current but not for any other components of the hadronic current. We discuss the polynomiality of the GPD up to the second moments and remark on accessible ranges of kinematics to measure the BSA and CFFs with respect to the future experimental efforts of extracting the leading-twist GPDs.

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arXiv2025

Beyond leading twist: $ρ$ meson decay constants and distribution amplitudes in a self-consistent light-front quark model

In this study, we present a comprehensive analysis of decay constants and chiral-even and chiral-odd distribution amplitudes (DAs) up to twist 4 for the $ρ$ meson in the standard light-front quark model (LFQM) based on the Bakamjian-Thomas (BT) construction. For the $ρ$ meson, which possesses both longitudinal $(h=0)$ and transverse $(h=\pm 1)$ polarizations, two types of decay constants, $f_ρ^{\parallel}$ and $f_ρ^{\perp}$, arises accordingly. We demonstrate that these decay constants can be self-consistently extracted from both local ($z^μ=0$) and nonlocal ($z^μ\neq 0$) matrix elements $\langle 0 | \bar{q}(z)\, Γ\, q(-z) | ρ(P,h) \rangle$, with $Γ= (γ^μ, σ^{μν}, γ^μγ_5, \mathbf{1})$, in a manner independent of current components, polarizations, and reference frames. In particular, we emphasize the role of nonlocal matrix elements involving axial-vector and scalar currents, where mixing between $f_ρ^{\parallel}$ and $f_ρ^{\perp}$ occurs. We show that this mixing is consistently resolved through the BT construction, ensuring the proper extraction of these decay constants. Additionally, we investigate the structure of chiral-even DAs ($ϕ_{2;\mathrm{V}}^\parallel, ϕ_{3;\mathrm{V}}^\parallel, ψ_{3;\mathrm{A}}^\perp, ϕ_{4;\mathrm{V}}^\parallel$) and chiral-odd DAs ($ϕ_{2;\mathrm{T}}^\perp, ϕ_{3;\mathrm{T}}^\perp, ψ_{3;\mathrm{S}}^\parallel, ϕ_{4;\mathrm{T}}^\perp$) beyond leading twists, and present their corresponding $ξ$-moments and Gegenbauer moments. These results provide deeper insight into the nonperturbative structure of vector mesons and demonstrate the robustness and self-consistency of the LFQM based on the BT framework.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2025

Gravitational form factors of the pion in the self-consistent light-front quark model

We present a self-consistent light-front quark model (LFQM) analysis of the pion's gravitational form factors (GFFs), incorporating the Bakamjian-Thomas (BT) construction consistently throughout the framework. By uniformly applying the BT formalism to both hadronic matrix elements and their associated Lorentz structures, we achieve a current-component-independent extraction of the pion GFFs $A_π(t)$ and $D_π(t)$, thereby eliminating the light-front zero-mode ambiguities that typically hinder conventional LFQM approaches. By tuning the model parameters, we identify an optimal set that successfully reproduces the decay constant and electromagnetic form factor of the pion, while yielding a $D$-term value $D_π(0) \approx -1$, consistent with predictions from chiral perturbation theory. The $D$-term emerges as a sensitive probe of the pion's internal dynamics, governing its mechanical radius -- the largest among the charge, mass, and mechanical radii. We further examine the pion's spatial structure via its associated two-dimensional light-front densities, including the momentum density, transverse pressure, and shear stress, all of which satisfy the required normalization and von Laue stability conditions. Our results reveal a detailed mechanical landscape: a centrally peaked momentum density that decreases monotonically; a repulsive pressure near the center (up to $x_\perp = 0.33$~fm) that transitions to attraction in the outer region; and a shear stress profile peaking at an intermediate distance ($x_\perp \approx 0.2$~fm).

hep-ph↗

arXiv2024

Off-shell pion properties: electromagnetic form factors and light-front wave functions

The off-shell pion electromagnetic form factors are explored with corresponding off-shell light-front wave functions modeled by constituent quark and anti-quark. We apply the Mandelstam approach for the microscopic computation of the form factors relating the model parameters with the pion decay constant and charge radius. Analyzing the existing data on the cross-sections for the Sullivan process, H(e,e',pi)n, we extract the off-shell pion form factor using the relation derived from the generalized Ward-Takahashi identity for the pion electromagnetic current. They are compared with our previous results from exactly solvable manifestly covariant model of a (3+1)-dimensional fermion field theory. We find that the adopted constituent quark model reproduces the extracted off-shell form factor $F_1(Q^2,t)$ from the experimental data within a few percent difference and matches well with our previous theoretical simulation which exhibits a variation of about 10\% for the extracted off-shell pion form factor $g(Q^2,t)$. We also identify the pion valence parton distribution function (PDF) and transverse momentum distribution (TMD) in terms of the light-front wave function and discuss their off-shell properties.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2024

Mixing effects on spectroscopy and partonic observables of mesons with logarithmic confining potential in a light-front quark model

Using the variational principle, we systematically investigate the mass spectra and wave functions of both $1S$ and $2S$ state heavy pseudoscalar $(P)$ and vector $(V)$ mesons within the light-front quark model. This approach incorporates a Coulomb plus logarithmic confinement potential to accurately describe the constituent quark and antiquark dynamics. Additionally, spin hyperfine interactions are introduced perturbatively to compute the masses of pseudoscalar and vector mesons. The present analyses of the $1S$ and $2S$ states require the consideration of mixing between them to account for empirical constraints. These constraints include the mass gap $ΔM_{P} > ΔM_{V}$, where $ΔM_{P(V)} = M^{2S}_{P(V)} - M^{1S}_{P(V)}$ and the hierarchy of the decay constants $f_{1S} > f_{2S}$. We find the optimal value of the mixing angle to be $θ= 18^{\circ}$, significantly enhancing the consistency between our spectroscopic predictions and the experimental data compiled by the Particle Data Group (PDG). Furthermore, based on the predicted mass, the newly observed resonance $B_J(5840)$ could be assigned as a $2^1S_0$ state in the $B$ meson family. The study also reports various pertinent observables, including twist-2 distribution amplitudes, electromagnetic form factors, charge radii, $ξ$ moments, and transition form factors which are found to be consistent with both available lattice simulations and experimental data. In addition, our predicted branching ratios for the channels of $B^+ \rightarrow τ^+ ν_τ$ as well as rare decays of $B^0$ and $B_s^0$ appear in accordance with experimental data.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2024

Consistency of pion form factor and unpolarized transverse momentum dependent parton distributions beyond leading twist in the light-front quark model

We investigate the interplay among the pion's form factor, transverse momentum dependent distributions (TMDs), and parton distribution functions (PDFs) extending our light-front quark model (LFQM) computation based on the Bakamjian-Thomas construction for the two-point function[41,42] to the three-point and four-point functions. Ensuring the four-momentum conservation at the meson-quark vertex from the Bakamjian-Thomas construction, the meson mass is taken consistently as the corresponding invariant meson mass both in the matrix element and the Lorentz factor in our LFQM computation. We achieve the current-component independence in the physical observables such as the pion form factor and delve into the derivation of unpolarized TMDs and PDFs associated with the forward matrix element. We address the challenges posed by twist-4 TMDs and exhibit the fulfillment of the sum rule. Effectively, our LFQM successfully handles the light-front zero modes and offers insights for broader three-point and four-point functions and related observables.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2024

Dynamical Model of $J/Ψ$ photo-production on the nucleon

A dynamical model based on a phenomenological charm quark-nucleon($c$-N) potential $v_{cN}$ and the Pomeron-exchange mechanism is constructed to investigate the $J/Ψ$ photo-production on the nucleon from threshold to invariant mass $W=300$ GeV. The $J/Ψ$-N potential,$V_{J/ΨN}(r)$,is constructed by folding $v_{cN}$ into the wavefunction $Φ_{J/Ψ}(c\bar{c})$ of $J/Ψ$ within a Constituent Quark Model(CQM) of Ref.[43]. A photo-production amplitude is also generated by $v_{cN}$ by a $c\bar{c}$-loop integration over the $γ\rightarrow c\bar{c}$ vertex function and $Φ_{J/Ψ}(c\bar{c})$. No commonly used Vector Meson Dominance assumption is used to define this photo-production amplitude which is needed to describe the data near the threshold. The potential $v_{cN}(r)$ is parameterized in a form such that the predicted $V_{J/ΨN}(r)$ at large distances has the same Yukawa potential form extracted from a Lattice QCD(LQCD) calculation of Ref.[18]. The parameters of $v_{cN}$ are determined by fitting the total cross section data of JLab by performing calculations that include $J/Ψ$-N final state interactions(FSI). The resulting differential cross sections are found in good agreements with the data. It is shown that the FSI effects dominate the cross section in the very near threshold region, allowing for sensitive testing of the predicted $J/Ψ$-N scattering amplitudes. By imposing the constraints of $J/Ψ$-N potential extracted from the LQCD calculation, we have obtained three $J/Ψ$-N potentials which fit the JLab data equally well. The resulting $J/Ψ$-N scattering lengths are in the range of $a=(-0.05$ fm $\sim$ $-0.25$ fm). With the determined $v_{cN}(r)$ and the wavefunctions generated from the same CQM, the constructed model is used to predict the cross sections of photo-production of $η_c(1S)$ and $Ψ(2S)$ mesons for future experimental tests.

nucl-th↗

arXiv2023

Pseudoscalar meson decay constants and distribution amplitudes up to twist-4 in the light-front quark model

In the light-front quark model (LFQM) amenable to the simultaneous study of both the mass spectroscopy and the wave function related observables, we examine the decay constants and distribution amplitudes (DAs) up to the twist-4. The analysis of the heavy pseudoscalar mesons is carried out both in the $1S$ and $2S$ states. This investigation involves calculating the local and nonlocal matrix elements $\langle 0 |{\bar q}Γ q|P \rangle$ using three distinct current operators $Γ=(γ^μγ_5, iγ_5,σ^{μν}γ_5)$. Considering a general reference frame where ${\bf P}_\perp\neq 0$ and investigating all available current components, we examine not only the frame-independence but also the component-independence of the decay constants. The explicit findings from our study provide the evidence for the equality of the three pseudoscalar meson decay constants obtained from the three distinct current operators $Γ$. The notable agreement in decay constants is attained by imposing the Bakamjian-Thomas construction of the LFQM, namely the meson state is constructed by the noninteracting quark and antiquark representations while the interaction is added to the mass operator, which provides the self-consistency condition replacing the physical mass $M$ with the invariant mass $M_0$ for the noninteracting quark-antiquark representation of the meson state. In addition to obtaining the process-independent pseudoscalar meson decay constant, regardless of the choice of current operators $Γ$, we further demonstrate its explicit Lorentz and rotation invariance. In particular, we present the analysis conducted on the twist-4 DA derived from the minus component of the axial-vector current. Finally, we discuss the various twist DAs and their $ξ$-moments associated with the $1S$ and $2S$ heavy pseudoscalar mesons.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2023

Independence of current components, polarization vectors, and reference frames in the light-front quark model analysis of meson decay constants

The issue of resulting in the same physical observables with different current components, in particular from the minus current, has been challenging in the light-front quark model (LFQM) even for the computation of the two-point functions such as meson decay constants. At the level of one-body current matrix element computation, we show the uniqueness of pseudoscalar and vector meson decay constants using all available components including the minus component of the current in the LFQM consistent with the Bakamjian-Thomas construction. Regardless of the current components, the polarization vectors, and the reference frames, the meson decay constants are uniquely determined in the non-interacting constituent quark and antiquark basis while the interactions of the constituents are added to the meson mass operator in the LFQM.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2022

Mixing effects on 1S and 2S state heavy mesons in the light-front quark model

The mass spectra and wave functions of both $1S$ and $2S$ state heavy pseudoscalar ($P$) and vector ($V$) mesons are analyzed within the light-front quark model. Important empirical constraints employed in our analysis of the mass spectra and wave functions are the experimental mass-gap relation, $ΔM_P > ΔM_V$, where $ΔM_{P(V)}=M^{2S}_{P(V)}-M^{1S}_{P(V)}$ and the hierarchy of the decay constants, $f_{1S}>f_{2S}$, between $1S$ and $2S$ meson states. We maintain the orthogonality of the trial wave functions of the $1S$ and $2S$ states in our variational calculation of the Hamiltonian with the Coulomb plus confining potentials and treat the hyperfine interaction perturbatively for the heavy-heavy and heavy-light $P$ and $V$ mesons due to the nature of the heavy quark symmetry. Realizing that the empirical constraints cannot be satisfied without mixing of the $1S$ and $2S$ states, we find the lower bound of the mixing angle $θ$ between $1S$ and $2S$ states as $θ_c = {\rm cot}^{-1}(2\sqrt{6})/2\simeq 6^{\circ}$ and obtain the optimum value of the mixing angle around $12^\circ$ to cover both the charm and bottom flavors of the heavy quark. The mixing effects are found to be more significant to the $2S$ state mesons than to the $1S$ state mesons. The properties of $1S$ and $2S$ state mesons including the mass spectra, decay constants, twist-2 distribution amplitudes, and electromagnetic form factors are computed. Our results are found to be in a good agreement with the available data and lattice simulations. In particular, the $2S$ state pseudoscalar $D_s$ meson is predicted to have a mass of $2600$ MeV, which is very close to the mass of the newly discovered $D_{s0}(2590)^+$ meson by the LHCb Collaboration. This supports the interpretation of the observed state as a radial excitation of the $D^+_s$ meson.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2021

Analysis of virtual meson production in solvable (1+1) dimensional scalar field theory

Light-front time-ordered amplitudes are investigated in the virtual scalar meson production process in (1+1) dimensions using the solvable scalar field theory extended from the conventional Wick-Cutkosky model. There is only one Compton form factor (CFF) in the (1+1) dimensional computation of the virtual meson production process, and we compute both the real and imaginary parts of the CFF for the entire kinematic regions of $Q^2>0$ and $t<0$. We then analyze the contribution of each and every light-front time-ordered amplitude to the CFF as a function of $Q^2$ and $t$. In particular, we discuss the significance of the "cat's ears" contributions for gauge invariance and the validity of the "handbag dominance" in the formulation of the generalized parton distribution (GPD) function used typically in the analysis of deeply virtual meson production processes. We explicitly derive the GPD from the "handbag" light-front time-ordered amplitudes in the $-t/Q^2<<1$ limit and verify that the integrations of the GPD over the light-front longitudinal momentum fraction for the DGLAP and ERBL regions correspond to the valence and nonvalence contributions of the electromagnetic form factor that we have recently reported [Phys. Rev. D $\textbf{103}$, 076002 (2021)]. We also discuss the correspondence of the GPD to the parton distribution function for the analysis of the deep inelastic lepton-hadron scattering process and the utility of the new light-front longitudinal spatial variable $\tilde{z}$.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2021

Current-component independent transition form factors for semileptonic and rare $D\to π(K)$ decays in the light-front quark model

We investigate the exclusive semileptonic and rare $D\to π(K)$ decays within the standard model together with the light-front quark model (LFQM) constrained by the variational principle for the QCD-motivated effective Hamiltonian. The form factors are obtained in the $q^+=0$ frame and then analytically continue to the physical timelike region. Together with our recent analysis of the current-component independent form factors $f_\pm(q^2)$ for the semileptonic decays, we present the current-component independent tensor form factor $f_T(q^2)$ for the rare decays to make the complete set of hadronic matrix elements regulating the semileptonic and rare $D\toπ(K)$ decays in our LFQM. The tensor form factor $f_T(q^2)$ are obtained from two independent sets $(J^{+\perp}_T, J^{+-}_T)$ of the tensor current $J^{μν}_T$. As in our recent analysis of $f_-(q^2)$, we show that $f_T(q^2)$ obtained from the two different sets of the current components gives the identical result in the valence region of the $q^+=0$ frame without involving the explicit zero modes and the instantaneous contributions. The implications of the zero modes and the instantaneous contributions are also discussed in comparison between the manifestly covariant model and the standard LFQM. In our numerical calculations, we obtain the $q^2$-dependent form factors $(f_\pm, f_T)$ for $D\toπ(K)$ and branching ratios for the semileptonic $D\to π(K)\ellν_\ell$ ($\ell=e,μ$) decays. Our results show in good agreement with the available experimental data as well as other theoretical model predictions.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2021

Self-consistent light-front quark model analysis of $B\to D\ellν_\ell$ transition form factors

We investigate the transition form factors $f_+(q^2)$ and $f_-(q^2)$ [or $f_0(q^2)$] for the exclusive semileptonic $B\to D\ellν_\ell$ $(\ell=e, μ,τ)$ decays in the standard light-front quark model (LFQM) based on the LF quantization. The common belief is that while $f_+(q^2)$ can be obtained without involving any treacherous contributions such as the zero mode and the instantaneous contribution, $f_-(q^2)$ receives those treacherous contributions since it involves at least two components of the current, e.g. $(J^+, J^-)$ or $(J^+, {\bf J}_\perp)$. Contrary to the common belief, we show in the Drell-Yan ($q^+=0$) frame that $f_-(q^2)$ obtained from $(J^+, J^-)$ gives identical result to $f_-(q^2)$ obtained from $(J^+, {\bf J}_\perp)$ without involving such treacherous contributions in the standard LFQM. In our numerical calculations, we obtain the form factors and branching ratios for $B\to D\ellν_\ell$ $(\ell=e, μ,τ)$ and compare with the experimental data as well as other theoretical model predictions. Our results for ${\rm Br}(B\to D\ellν_\ell)$ show reasonable agreement with the experimental data except for the semitauonic $B^0\to D^-τν_τ$ decay. The ratio ${\cal R}(D)=\frac{{\rm Br}(B\to Dτν_τ)}{{\rm Br}(B\to D\ell'ν_{\ell'})}$ $(\ell'=e,μ)$ is also estimated and compared with the experimental data as well as other theoretical predictions.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2021

Light-front dynamic analysis of the longitudinal charge density using the solvable scalar field model in (1+1) dimensions

We investigate the electromagnetic form factor $F(q^2)$ of the meson by using the solvable $ϕ^{3}$ scalar field model in $(1+1)$ dimensions. As the transverse rotations are absent in $(1+1)$ dimensions, the advantage of the light-front dynamics (LFD) with the light-front time $x^+ = x^0 + x^3$ as the evolution parameter is maximized in contrast to the usual instant form dynamics (IFD) with the ordinary time $x^0$ as the evolution parameter. In LFD, the individual $x^+$-ordered amplitudes contributing to $F(q^2)$ are invariant under the boost, i.e., frame-independent, while the individual $x^0$-ordered amplitudes in IFD are not invariant under the boost but dependent on the reference frame. The LFD allows to get the analytic result for the one-loop triangle diagram which covers not only the spacelike ($q^{2}<0$) but also timelike region ($q^{2}>0$). Using the analytic results, we verify that the real and imaginary parts of the form factor satisfy the dispersion relations in the entire $q^{2}$ space. Comparing with the results in $(3+1)$ dimensions, we discuss the transverse momentum effects on $F(q^2)$ . We also discuss the longitudinal charge density in terms of the boost invariant variable $\tilde z = p^+ x^-$ in LFD.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2020

Chiral anomaly and the pion properties in the light-front quark model

We explore the link between the chiral symmetry of QCD and the numerical results of the light-front quark model, analyzing both the two-point and three-point functions of the pion. Including the axial-vector coupling as well as the pseudoscalar coupling in the light-front quark model, we discuss the implication of the chiral anomaly in describing the pion decay constant, the pion-photon transition form factor and the electromagnetic form factor of the pion. In constraining the model parameters, we find that the chiral anomaly plays a critical role and the analysis of $F_{πγ}(Q^2)$ in timelike region is important. Our results indicate that the constituent quark picture is effective for the low and high $Q^2$ ranges implementing the quark mass evolution effect as $Q^2$ grows.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2019

Pion off-shell electromagnetic form factors: data extraction and model analysis

We investigate the pion electromagnetic half off-shell form factors, which parametrize the matrix element of the charged pion electromagnetic current with one leg off-mass-shell and the other leg on-mass-shell, using an exactly solvable manifestly covariant model of a $(3+1)$ dimensional fermion field theory. The model provides a 3D imaging of the two off-shell pion form factors $F_1$ and $F_2$ as a function of $(Q^2,t)$, which are related to each other satisfying the Ward-Takahashi identity. The normalization of the renormalized charge form factor $F_1$ is fixed by $F_1(Q^2=0, t=m^2_π)=1$ while the other form factor $F_2$ vanishes, i.e. $F_2(Q^2, t=m^2_π)=0$ for any value of $Q^2$ due to the time-reversal invariance of the strong interaction. We define the new form factor $g(Q^2,t)=F_2(Q^2,t)/(t-m^2_π)$ and find that $g(Q^2,t)$ can be measurable in the on-mass-shell limit. In particular, $g(Q^2=0, t=m^2_π)$ is related with the pion charge radius. We also compare our form factors with the data extracted from the pion electroproduction reaction for both the off-shell region ($t<0$) and the on-shell limit ($t \rightarrow m_π^2$).

hep-ph↗

arXiv2019

Twist-2 Pseudoscalar and Vector Meson Distribution Amplitudes in Light-Front Quark Model with Exponential-type Confining Potential

We study the twist-2 distribution amplitudes (DAs) and the decay constants of pseudoscalar light ($π$, $K$) and heavy ($D$, $D_s$, $B$, $B_s$) mesons as well as the longitudinally and transversely polarized vector light ($ρ$, $K^*$) and heavy ($D^*$, $D_s^*$, $B^*$, $B_s^*$) mesons in the light-front quark model with the Coulomb plus exponential-type confining potential $V_{\rm {exp}} = a + b e^{αr}$ in addition to the hyperfine interaction. We first compute the mass spectra of ground state pseudoscalar and vector light and heavy mesons and fix the model parameters necessary for the analysis, applying the variational principle with the trial wave function up to the first three lowest order harmonic oscillator (HO) wave functions $Φ(x, \textbf{k}_\bot) = \sum_{n=1}^{3} c_n ϕ_{nS}$. We then obtain the numerical results for the corresponding decay constants of light and heavy mesons. We estimate the DAs, analyze their variation as a function of momentum fraction and compute the first six $ξ$-moments of the $B$ and $D$ mesons as well. We compare our results with the available experimental data as well as with the other theoretical model predictions.

hep-ph↗