arXiv subjects

Holger B. Nielsen

Publications and source records attributed to Holger B. Nielsen.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2024

String Invention, Viable 3-3-1 Model, Dark Matter Black Holes

After very little memories we review slightly Paul Frampton's memories from the discovery of Veneziano model being indeed string theory with Y. Nambu and secondly his 3-3-1 theory.This latter is an indeed not excluded replacement for the Standard Model with triangle anomalies cancelling as they must in a truly viable theory. It even needs (essentially) 3 as the family number! Also primordial black holes as dark matter is mentioned, we end with review of a my own very speculative utterly recent idea, that for the purpose of the classical approximation, we could, using the functional integral as our rudimentary assumption taken over from quantum mechanics, obtain the equations of motion without the in our opinion very mysterious imaginary unit i, which usually occurs as a factor in the exponent of the functional integrand, which is this i times the action. The functional integral without the mysterious i leads to predicting some of the most strong features in cosmology, and also seems to argue for as little black holes as possible.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2022

Nano meter Size Dirty Dark Matter Pearls, electron-signal, IMP or SIDM, not WIMP

Through several articles we have developed a model for dark matter as consisting of bubbles of a new (speculated) type of vacuum, starting from cm-sized pearls or balls down to atomic size ones and now we believe they have nanometer sizes. In the latest development of our model we have the bubbles of the new vacuum imbedded in dust grains very similar to the grains present in interstellar and intergalactic space anyway, although the presence of the bubble with a very large homolumo gap in its single electron spectrum influences the dust grain material so as to become denser and harder. We have earlier explained how our dark matter particles get stopped in the shielding, so that normally expected nucleonic collisions are not observable. The signal of the dark matter in the underground experiments rather becomes decays of excited particles actually with the energy of the homolumo gap, which is also equal to the photon energy of the X-ray line presumably observed astronomically from galaxy clusters etc. A new calculation here is a fitting of the velocity dependence of the dark matter self-interaction as estimated by Correa [15], using deviations from the only gravitationally interacting dark matter in dwarf galaxies. Let us stress that apart from the speculated new vacuum we have no new physics, and if the couplings in the Standard Model were adjusted to make degenerate vacua as speculated according to our Multiple Point Principle (MPP) we would only need the Standard Model, so dark matter would not require new physics.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2020

The 3.5 keV line from non-perturbative Standard Model dark matter balls

Our earlier put forward model of dark matter, consisting of cm-size pearls with ordinary matter inside under high pressure and with a mass of order $1.4 *10^8$ kg, is used to explain the mysterious 3.5 keV X-ray line from the galactic center and various galaxies and galaxy clusters. The pearls are bubbles of a new type of vacuum and thus surrounded by a surface tension providing the high pressure. We have two rather successful order of magnitude numerical results: 1) the X-ray energy of 3.5 keV comes out as the homolumo-gap or rather as the energy due to screening of electrons in the high pressure ordinary matter inside the pearls, and is well fitted. %predicted correctly to within a factor %{\bf tbc 2} %3; %$40 \%$; 2) Using the fitting of Cline and Frey for dark matter radiation arising from collisions or annihilations of dark matter particles we fit the overall intensity of the radiation in our pearl model. We find that a pearl of the minimal size required just by stability, as used in our previous work \cite{Tunguska}, is inconsistent with the observed frequency and intensity of the 3.5 keV line. However the predictions of our model are very sensitive to the radius of the pearls and an excellent fit to both experimental quantities is obtained for a pearl of radius of 2.8 cm.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2017

Two Cosmic Coincidences for Minimal Standard Model with General Relativity

It is said that there are no accidents or coincidences in physics. Within the minimal standard model combined with general relativity we point out that there are three exceptionally-long lifetimes which are consistent with being equal, and hence that there are two unexplained coincidences.

astro-ph.CO↗

arXiv2016

Production and Decay of 750 Gev state of 6 top and 6 anti top quarks

Crude estimates are made of the branching ratios and pair production cross-section for our previously proposed bound state S of six top and six antitop quarks identified with the diphoton excess recently observed in ATLAS and CMS. We estimate the pair production cross section to be approximately 12 times that for fourth family quarks. Hence we predict $σ(pp \rightarrow SS + anything) \approx 2$ pb at 13 TeV and an increase by a factor 10 over the cross section at 8 TeV. Crude estimates of the main branching ratios relative to the diphoton decay give $Γ(S\rightarrow γ+γ) \propto 1$, $Γ(S\rightarrow t + \bar{t})\propto 378$, $Γ(S \rightarrow gluon+gluon)\propto 117$, $Γ(S\rightarrow Higgs+Higgs)\propto 15$, $Γ(S\rightarrow W+W)\propto 30$ and $Γ(S\rightarrow Z+Z) = 15$. These estimates are consistent with the LHC bounds at 8 TeV within a factor 1.25. We expect the $S \rightarrow γγ$ events to be produced together with another S resonance decaying typically into top-antitop or gluon-gluon jets.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2016

Dark Matter Balls Help Supernovae to Explode

As a solution to the well-known problem that the shock wave potentially responsible for the explosion of a supernova actually tends to stall, we propose a new energy source arising from our model for dark matter. Our earlier model proposed that dark matter should consist of cm-large white dwarf-like objects kept together by a skin separating two different sorts of vacua. These dark matter balls or pearls will collect in the middle of any star throughout its lifetime. At some stage during the development of a supernova the balls will begin to take in neutrons and then other surrounding material. By passing into a ball nucleons fall through a potential of order 10 MeV, causing a severe production of heat - of order 10 foe for a solar mass of material eaten by the balls. The temperature in the iron core will thereby be raised, splitting up the iron into smaller nuclei. This provides a mechanism for reviving the shock wave when it arrives and making the supernova explosion really occur. The onset of the heating due to the dark matter balls would at first stop the collapse of the supernova progenitor. This opens up the possibility of there being {\em two} collapses giving two neutrino outbursts, as apparently seen in the supernova SN1987A - one in Mont Blanc, and one 4 hours 43 minutes later in both IMB and Kamiokande.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2015

Bosons being their own antiparticles in Dirac formulation

Using our earlier formalism of extending the idea of the Dirac sea (negative energy states) to also for Bosons, we construct a formalism for Bosons which are their own antiparticles. Since antiparticles in formalisms with a Dirac sea are at first formulated as holes, they are a priori formally a bit different from the particles themselves. To set up a formalism/a theory for Majorana fermions and for Bosons in which particles are their own antiparticles is thus at first non-trivial. We here develop this not totally trivial formalism for what one could call extending the name for the fermions, Majorana-bosons. Because in our earlier work had what we called different sectors we got there some formal extensions of the theory which did not even have positive definite metric. Although such unphysical sectors may a priori be of no physical interest one could hope that they could be helpful for some pedagogical deeper understanding so that also the formalism for particles in such unphysical sectors of their own antiparticles would ,

hep-th↗

arXiv2015

A state description of pair production from Dirac sea in gravitational field --physical interpretation of Weyl anomaly--

We present the method that the pair production of particles is described as a Fock space state vector, where the pair production stems from receiving energy from, as an example, gravitational background field. At the same time we show a sort of new mechanism that in the diffeomorphism-invariant Dirac sea the Weyl symmetry is broken due to the pair production and this provides us a new physical interpretation of the origin of Weyl anomaly. In the present paper at the first place, we consider two kinds of background space-time which are connected each other by the Weyl transformation. It is shown that the vacuum, i.e. Dirac sea, in the "curved" space-time \underline{after} making Weyl transformation is nothing but the pair produced state provided we consider the state in terms of the Fock space basis in the "flat" space-time \underline{before} making the Weyl transformation. When summing up with respect to the time the contribution of pair production of each time-slice we obtain the Ricci scalar $R$ and then it is related to the trace part $\left\langle T^μ_{\> μ}\right\rangle$ of the energy-momentum tensor to produce Weyl anomaly.

hep-th↗

arXiv2015

Deriving Veneziano Model in a Novel String Field Theory Solving String Theory by Liberating Right and Left Movers

Bosonic string theory with the possibility for an arbitrary number of strings - i.e. a string field theory - is formulated by a Hilbert space (a Fock space), which is just that for massless noninteracting scalars. We earlier presented this novel type of string field theory, but now we show that it leads to scattering just given by the Veneziano model amplitude. Generalization to strings with fermion modes would presumably be rather easy. It is characteristic for our formulation /model that: 1) We have thrown away some null set of information compared to usual string field theory, 2)Formulated in terms of our \objects" (= the non-interacting scalars) there is no interaction and essentially no time development(Heisenberg picture), 3) so that the S-matrix is in our Hilbert space given as the unit matrix, S=1, and 4) the Veneziano scattering amplitude appear as the overlap between the initial and the final state described in terms of the \objects". 5) The integration in the Euler beta function making up the Veneziano model appear from the summation over the number of \objects" from one of the incoming strings which goes into a certain one of the two outgoing strings. A correction from Weyl anomaly is needed to get the correct form of the Veneziano amplitude and it only fits for 26 dimensions.

hep-th↗

arXiv2013

A Novel String Field Theory Solving String Theory by Liberating Left and Right Mover

We put forward ideas to a novel string field theory based on making some "objects" that essentially describe "liberated" left- and right- mover fields $X^μ_{L}(τ+ σ)$ and $X^μ_{R}(τ- σ)$ on the string. The main progress is that we manage to make our novel string field theory provide the correct mass square spectrum for the string. An interesting detail is that we have to dispense of a species doubler caused by the discretization we introduced in our string field theory of the string right- and left- mover variables. We finally suggest how to obtain the Veneziano amplitude in our model.

hep-th↗

arXiv2012

Our String Field Theory Liberating Left and Right Movers as Constituent "Objects"

We review the idea of our earlier proposed string field theory \cite{early1,early2,ourappear}, which makes the second quantized string theory appear as described by one or two types of stationary - so called - "objects" for string theories respectively with and without open strings. It may be better to look on our string field theory as a {\em solution} of a second quantized string theory, in which we have decided to ignore, how strings are topologically hanging together. Rather we satisfy ourselves with realizing solely the information contained in the knowledge of, through which points in space time passes a string. In the formulation of the string field theory, in which we have rewritten the systems of strings into a system of what we call "objects", the scattering of strings take place without any of the "fundamental" "objects" (technically "even objects") changing. They are only {\em exchanged} instead. A route to extract from our formalism the vertex of the Veneziano model theory is sketched, and thus in principle we have a line of arguments leading to, that our string field theory indeed gives the Veneziano model scattering amplitudes for the scatterings, that are in fact in our model {\em only exchanges}.

hep-th↗

arXiv2010

Backward Causation in Complex Action Model --- Superdeterminism and Transactional Interpretations

It is shown that the transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics being referred back to Feynman-Wheeler's time reversal symmetric radiation theory has reminiscences to our complex action model. In this complex action model the initial conditions are in principle even calculable. Thus it philosophically points towards superdeterminism, but really the Bell theorem problem is solved in our model of complex action by removing the significance of signals running slower than by light velocity. Our model as earlier published predicts that LHC should have some failure before reaching to have produced as many Higgs-particles as would have been produced the SSC accelerator. In the present article, we point out that a cardgame involving whether to restrict LHC-running as we have proposed to test our model will under all circumstances be a success.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2009

Search for Effect of Influence from Future in Large Hadron Collider

We propose an experiment which consists of drawing a card and using it to decide restrictions on the running of Large Hadron Collider (LHC for short) at CERN, such as luminosity, and beam energy. There may potentially occur total shut down. The purpose of such an experiment is to search for influence from the future, that is, backward causation. Since LHC will produce particles of a mathematically new type of fundamental scalars, i.e., the Higgs particles, there is potentially a chance to find unseen effects, such as on influence going from future to past, which we suggest in the present paper.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2009

Card game restriction in LHC can only be successful!

We argue that a restriction determined by a drawn card or quantum random numbers, on the running of LHC (Large Hadron Collider), which was proposed in earlier articles by us, can only result in an, at first, apparent success whatever the outcome. This previous work was concerned with looking for backward causation and/or influence from the future, which, in our previous model, was assumed to have the effect of arranging bad luck for large Higgs producing machines, such as LHC and the never finished SSC (Superconducting Super Collider) stopped by Congress because of such bad luck, so as not to allow them to work.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2009

Model for Laws of Nature with Miracles

We review a work by M.Ninomiya and myself about a model for the initial state - i.e. which solution to the equations of motions - that is being realized. The to be realized solution is suggeted to be the one for which a certain number depending on the whole history of the development of the whole Unverse is minimal. This number is called "the imaginary part of the action" and since this article is meant to be somewhat popular the concept of an action is suggestively explained. At first the model of ours give too many miracles, but we believe to have argued that the number of miracles is drastically reduced so the model is not immediately excluded from having a chance of being true. A suggested miracle that has occured is the stopping by the US Congress of the large accelerator SSC under construction already in Texas. A similar bad fait is predicted for the soon to start accelerator LHC in Geneva! By translation submission it has still not started up to its proper energy per particle.

physics.pop-ph↗

arXiv2008

Test of Influence from Future in Large Hadron Collider; A Proposal

We have earlier proposed the idea of making card drawing experiment of which outcome potentially decides whether Large Hadron Collider (LHC for short) should be closed or not. The purpose is to test theoretical models which, like e.g. our own model that has an imaginary part of the action with much a similar form to that of the real part. The imaginary part has influence on the initial conditions not only in the past but even from the future. It was speculated that all accelerators producing large amounts of Higgs particles like the Superconducting Super Collider (SSC for short) would call for initial conditions to have been so arranged as to finally not allow these accelerators to come to work. If there were such effects we could perhaps provoke a very clear cut "miracle" by having the effect make the drawn card be the one closing LHC. Here we shall, however, discuss that a total closing is hardly needed and seek to calculate how one could perform checking experiment for the proposed type of influence from future to be made in the statistically least disturbing and least harmful way. We shall also discuss how to extract most information about our effect or model in the unlikely case that a card restricting the running of LHC or the Tevatron would be drawn at all, by estimating say the relative importance of high beam energy or of high luminosity for the purpose of our effect.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2007

Complex Action, Prearrangement for Future and Higgs Broadening

We develop some formalism which is very general Feynman path integral in the case of the action which is allowed to be complex. The major point is that the effect of the imaginary part of the action (mainly) is to determine which solution to the equations of motion gets realized. We can therefore look at the model as a unification of the equations of motion and the ``initial conditions". We have already earlier argued for some features matching well with cosmology coming out of the model. A Hamiltonian formalism is put forward, but it still has to have an extra factor in the probability of a certain measurement result involving the time after the measurement time. A special effect to be discussed is a broadening of the width of the Higgs particle. We reach crudely a changed Breit-Wigner formula that is a normalized square root of the originally expected one

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2007

Dirac Sea and Hole Theory for Bosons I -- A new formulation of quantum field theories --

Bosonic formulation of the negative energy sea, so called Dirac sea, is proposed by constructing a hole theory for bosons as a new formulation of the second quantization of bosonic fields. The original idea of Dirac sea for fermions, where the vacuum state is considered as a state completely filled by fermions of negative energy and holes in the sea are identified as anti-particles, is extended to boson case in a consistent manner. The bosonic vacuum consists of a sea filled by negative energy bosonic states, while physical probabilities become always positive definite. We introduce a method of the double harmonic oscillator to formulate the hole theory of bosons. Our formulation is also applicable to supersymmetric field theory. The sea for supersymmetric theories has an explicit supersymmetry. We suggest applications of our formulations to the anomaly theories and the string theories.

hep-th↗