SearcharxivSearch

arXiv subjects

Holger Bech Nielsen

Publications and source records attributed to Holger Bech Nielsen.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

Dark Matter as Screened Ordinary Matter

We look at our since long studied model for dark matter as being pearls of a speculated new vacuum containing highly compressed ordinary matter, with so much ordinary in it that the content of ordinary matter in the dark matter pearls dominate. Most dark matter models have the dark matter consisting mainly of new-physics-matter such as WIMPs being supersymmetric partners of possibly known particles or, as in Maxim Khlopovs model, a doubly negatively charged new-physics-particle with a helium nucleus attached. But usually the new-physics matter makes up weight-wise the major content. It is only in our model that the ordinary matter content in the dark matter dominates. We here expose some weak phenomenological evidence that, in truth, dark matter should be of the type with a dominant component of ordinary matter (weight-wise), thus favoring as the typical example our previously so much studied vacuum type 2 model. The main such evidence is that we manage a fit to data in which the 3.5 keV X-rays, presumed to result from dark matter, come both from collisions of dark matter with dark matter and from dark matter with ordinary matter! Both mechanisms are of so similar an order of magnitude that they are both seen, indicating that their similarity is due to a significant similarity between dark with ordinary matter. The fact that the amounts of ordinary and dark matter only deviate by a factor 6 points in the same direction. Using the information obtained from this fitting, we develop our speculation that the main content weight-wise of dark matter is ordinary matter to the very DAMA experiment. Actually we found three spots on the sky in which we fit the observed production of 3.5 keV X-rays with ordinary plus dark scattering.

hep-ph

Unified Pati-Salam from Noncommutative Geometry: Overview and Phenomenological Remarks

The lack of clear new-physics signals at the LHC searches motivates models that can guide current and future collider searches. The spectral action principle within the noncommutative geometry (NCG) framework yields such models with distinctive phenomenology. This formalism derives the actions of the Standard Model, General Relativity, and beyond from the underlying algebra, putting them on a common geometric footing. Certain versions of Pati-Salam (PS) models with gauge coupling unification and limited scalar content can be derived from an appropriate noncommutative algebra. In this paper, I review these gauge-coupling-unified Pati-Salam models and discuss their phenomenological aspects, focusing on the $S_1$ scalar leptoquark.

hep-ph

Ontological Fluctuating Lattice Cut Off

Remarkably accurate fine structure constants are calculated from assumptions further developed from two earlier publications. We have put together a series of energy scales related to various physical phenomena such as the Planck scale, a scale, which we call ``fermion tip'' being a certain extrapolation related to the heaviest Fermions in the Standard Model, an approximate SU(5) unification scale (without susy); and then we found, that as function of the power of an imagined lattice link length supposedly relevant for the scale in question, these powers are rather well linearly related to the logarithms of the associated energy scales. The coincidence of these scales fitting a straight line is remarkable and in some cases quite intriguing. It is evidence for Nature truly having a fluctuating lattice, meaning, that the size of the links say fluctuate quantum mechanically. We review a self-reference obtaining the three fine structure constants via three theoretically predictable quantities, among which is a scale on our straight line plot, namely for an approximate SU(5)-like unification (SU(5) coupling relations are only true in a classical approximation). Concentrating on the four energy scales, for which most precise numbers make sense (this is new in the present article), we interpolate to the approximate unification scale to such an accuracy, that it combined with the quantum corrections making the deviation from genuine SU(5) delivers the differences between the three inverse fine structure constants agreeing within errors being a few units on the second place after the comma! E.g. we predict the difference between the non-abelian inverse fine structure constants at the Z-mass MZ to be (1/alpha2 - 1/alpha3)(M_Z)predict=29.62-8.42 =21.20, while the experimental difference is 29.57-8.44=21.13 both with uncertainties of order +/- 0.05.

hep-ph

Approximate Minimal SU(5), Several Fundamental Scales, Fluctuating Lattice

Having shortly reviewed our idea of the grand unified SU(5) being only exact in a classical limit, in a truly existing lattice, an ontological lattice, we go over to putting a series of different physical energy scales such the approximate unification scale for the SU(5)(without any SUSY), the Planck scale, and e.g. the scale of see-saw neutrino masses into a certain plot showing the energy scales on a straight line. This straight line of this plot supposed to result from such an ontological lattice, that fluctuates in link size a and lattice density in a very strong way according to a log normal distribution. The point is that different energy scales result from the link size of the lattice to different powers, like the averages a to the n th , where the power n depends on the type of scale considered. Since the n th root of the average of the n th power of the link size in the fluctuating lattice is very strongly dependent on the power n, because of very huge fluctuations, the different types of physical energy scales can get very different. With a Galton i.e. log normal distribution of the link size the various energy scales have their logarithms fall into a nice straight line versus the power of the link size, on which they depend. Our model gives a surprisingly good number for the small deviations of the experimental electron-and muon-anomalous magnetic moment from the pure Standard Model value.

hep-ph

Remarkable Scale Relation, Approximate SU(5), Fluctuating Lattice

We discuss a series of 8 energy scales, some of which just speculated by ourselves, and fit the logarithms of these energies as a straight line versus a quantity related to the dimensionalities of action terms in a way to be defined in the article. These terms in the action are related to the energy scales in question. So e.g. the dimensionality of Einstein Hilbert action coefficient is one related to the Planck scale. In fact we suppose in the cases described with quantum field theory, that there is for each of our energy scales a pair of associated terms in the Lagrangian density, one "kinetic" and one "mass- or current" term. We use for our plotting of the energy scales the ratio of the dimensionality of say the "non-kinetic" to the dimensionality of the "kinetic" one The explanation for our phenomenological finding that the logarithm of the energies depend as a straight line on the dimensionality defined integer $q$, we give as an ontological - i.e. it really exists in nature in our model -"fluctuating lattice" with a very broad distribution of say the link size $a$.We take it Gaussian in the logarithm, $\ln(a)$. A fluctuating lattice is very natural in a theory with general relativity, since it corresponds to fluctuations in the gauge d.o.f. of general relativity. Intriguing are the lowest ones of our energy scales, being by us not described by quantum field theory as the other ones, but by actions for single particle or single string respectivily, because the string scale fits well with hadronic strings, and the particle scale is presumably the mass scale of Standard Model group monopoles, a bound state of a couple of which might be the dimuon resonance (or statistical fluctuation) found in LHC with mass 28 GeV.

hep-ph

Do we understand the internal spaces of second quantized fermion and boson fields, with gravity included? Relation with strings theories

The article proposes the description of internal spaces of fermion (quarks and leptons and antiquarks and antileptons) and boson (photons, weak bosons, gluons, gravitons and scalars) second quantized fields in a unique way if they all are massless. The internal spaces are described by ``basis vectors'', which are the superposition of odd (for fermions) and even (for bosons) products of the operators $γ^ {a}$. For an arbitrary symmetry $SO(d-1,1)$ of the internal spaces, it is the number of fermion fields (they appear in families and have their Hermitian conjugated partners in a separate group) equal to the number of boson fields (they appear in two orthogonal groups), manifesting a kind of supersymmetry, which differ of the string supersymmetry. On the assumption that fermions and bosons are active (they have momenta different from zero) only in $d=(3+1)$ ordinary space-time, bosons present vectors if they carry the space index $μ=(0,1,2,3)$, and present scalars if they carry the index $σ\ge 5$. The author discusses this theory's latest achievements, with a trial to understand whether the extension to strings or to odd-dimensional spaces can lead to a new kind of supersymmetry. This model, named {\it spin-charge-family} theory, manifests in a long series of papers on the phenomenological success of the theory in elementary particle physics and cosmology.

physics.gen-ph

Approximate SU(5), Fine Structure Constants

We fit the three finestructure constants of the Standard Model with three, in first approximation theoretically estimable parameters, 1) a "unifiedscale",turning out not equal to the Planck scale and thus only estimable by a very speculative story, 2) a "number of layers" being a priori the number of families, and 3) a unified coupling related to a critical coupling on a lattice. So formally we postdict the three fine structure constants! In the philosophy of our model there is a physically lattice theory with link variables taking values in a (or in the various) "small" representations of the Standard Model Group. We argue for that these representations functio in first approximation as were the theory a genuine $SU(5)$ theory. Next we take into account fluctuation of the gauge fields in the lattice and obtain a correction to the a priori $SU(5)$ approximation, because of course the link fluctuations not corresponding any Standard model Lie algebra, but only to the SU(5), do not exist. The model is a development of our old anti-grand-unification model having as its genuine gauge group, close to fundamental scale, a cross product of the standard model group S(U(3)x U(2)) with itself, there being one Cartesian product factor for each family. In these old works we included the hypotesis of "multiple point criticallity principle" which here effectively means the coupling constants be critical on the lattice. Counted relative to the Higgs scale we suggest the in our sense "unified scale" (where the deviations between the inverse fine structure constants deviate by quantum fluctuations being only from standard model groups, not SU(5)) makes up the 2/3 th power of the Planck scale relative to the Higgs scale, or better the top quark mass scale.

hep-ph

Fluctuating Lattice, Several Energy Scales

In part I: We find a series physical scales such as 1) Planck scale, 2) Minimal approximate grand unification SU(5), 3) the mass scale of the see saw model right handed or Majorana neutrinoes, some invented scale with many scalar bosons, etc., and get the logarithms of these energy scales fitted by a quantity q related to the dimensions of to thescales related dimensionalities of coefficients in Lagrangian densities,or some generalization of this q to something similar in the variouscases of the scales. The logarithm of the energies behave as a straight line versus the dimension related number q. This is being explained by an ontologically existing lattice, which fluctuates in lattice canstant a from place to place in space time or more precisely, it fluctuates quantum mechanically. In Part II: We find a fitting of the three fine structure constantsin the Standard Model by means of a no-susy and SU(5)-like - but only accurately SU(5) symmetric in the classical approximation - by means of three other parameters for each of which, however, we have speculative predictions: Quantum corrections due to the lattice whichare three times as large as naive quantum corrections, because the lattice is supposed to lie in layers, one layer for each fermion-family; criticallity of the unified coupling, using the satnadrd model group S(U (2) x U (3)); the unification scale is fitted inot the scale-system of part I

hep-ph

A trial to understand the supersymmetry relations through extension of the second quantized fermion and boson fields, either to strings or to odd dimensional spaces

The article studies the extension of the internal spaces of fermion and boson second quantized fields, described by the superposition of odd (for fermions) and even (for bosons) products of the operators $γ^ {a}$, to strings and odd dimensional spaces.\\ For any symmetry $SO(d-1,1)$ of the internal spaces, it is the number of fermion fields (they appear in families and have their Hermitian conjugated partners in a separate group) equal to the number of boson fields (they appear in two orthogonal groups), manifesting a kind of supersymmetry, which differs from the usual supersymmetry.\\ The article searches for the supersymmetry arising from extending the ``basis vectors'' of second quantized fermion and boson fields described in $d=2(2n+1)$ (in particular $d=(13+1)$) either to strings or to odd-dimensional spaces ($d=2(2n+1)+1$).

physics.gen-ph

Domain Walls and Hubble Constant Tension

We present the idea that replacing the cosmological constant $Λ$ in the $Λ$CDM model by a distribution of walls, with very low tension compared to what one would expect from new physics, could help explaining the tension in the Hubble constant fits in the Standard Cosmological Model. Using parameters from our model for dark matter as macroscopic pearls, we can get a promising order of magnitude for the correction to the Hubble constant estimated from observations of the cosmic microwave background. Our model is on the borderline of failing by predicting too large extra fluctuations as a function of direction in the cosmological microwave background radiation. However, imagining the bubbles in the voids to have come from more somewhat smaller big bubbles also occurring outside the big voids may help. We estimate that, in order to have big volumes of the new vacuum in intergalactic space, a very high temperature is needed and that such regions would be likely to get cooled, freeze and shrink down to the degenerate form of dark matter if hitting some ordinary matter, as is likely in the denser parts of the Universe. We also review our model for dark matter, and develop the understanding of the stopping of the dark matter particles in the shielding of say the DAMA-LIBRA underground experiment and the counting rate this experiment observes. We manage to obtain a consistent fit with a mass $M = 2 \cdot 10^{-18}$kg = $10^9$GeV and radius $R = 10^{-10}$m for the dark matter pearls, corresponding to a tension in the domain wall of $S= (8 {\rm MeV})^3$.

astro-ph.CO

Deriving Locality, Gravity as Spontaneous Breaking of Diffeomorphism Symmetry

Looking for ideas for a fundamental physics that could almost work by itself, not making but mild assumptions, we are inspired by the earlier work by Astri Kleppe and myself. We showed that assuming diffeomorphism symmetry in addition to only ``mild assumptions'' we could obtain obtain effectively a local Lagrangian density,without assuming that the action were at all local! However, we point out in the present article, that unless there is a spontaneous breakdown of the full diffeoemorphism invariance by gravitational like fields having non-zero vacuum expectation values, there would be no propagation possible, in other words the resulting effective local theory would be super local, so no communication between the different space-time points. We suggest that having a projective space or some similar space with some more structure, it could be in practice enough to get the effective locallity, so the full diffeomorphism symmetry might not not be really needed. Finally we found a phenomenological feature of the CMB (Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation) low l spherical harmonic expansion of the CMB fluctuations which we interpret as a sign of space-time in the background in which space-time is imbedded is a projective space, rather than just a manifold

physics.gen-ph

Domain Walls of Low Tension in Cosmology

In the present article we put up for discussion the idea of there existing several versions, phases, of the vacuum, in the spirit in which we have long worked on this idea, namely the Multiple Point Criticality Principle, which also says that these different vacuum phases have the same energy density. We mention that we indeed predicted the Higgs mass to be 135 plus minus 10 GeV, which when measured turned out to be 125 GeV, using the assumption of this Multiple Point Criticality Principle. We consider the possibility that there is one type of vacuum in the galaxy clusters (the usual vacuum) and another type of vacuum in the voids. The hope that there could indeed be such a low tension S of the domain wall between these two phases, that it would not totally upset cosmology is based on our dark matter model. In this model dark matter consists of pearls or bubbles of a new vacuum phase, with ordinary matter inside it under very high pressure. The order of magnitude of cubic root S of order MeV or 100 MeV could make such domain walls astronomically viable. We successfully estimate the order of magnitude of the variations in the fine structure constant in different places astronomically, but the similar variations in proton mass over electron mass should have been much bigger than seen experimentally in our model. The Universe s surprisingly early galaxies seen by JWST, James Webb telescope, may agree well with our model. Replacing the usual cosmological constant by domain walls in the standard cosmological model would lead to a cubic root of the tension being cubic root of S of order 30 MeV.

astro-ph.CO

Dusty Dark Matter Bubbles of a New Vacuum stopped in Earth and Radiating 3.5 keV X-rays

We continue our work on a proposal for what dark matter could be, namely that the dark matter consists of essentially macroscopic objects built from ordinary matter. The only element of new physics is that there should exist several types or phases of vacuum. Then the dark matter particles are bubbles of a new type of vacuum filled with ordinary matter - say diamond - under high pressure and the whole bubble is supposedly contaminated by the materials in the extra galactic or intragalactic space able to form dust. The dust has a lower than dimension 3 structure and may well be long chains of atoms. We begin speculations on identifying the phase transition between the vacua, which we require in our model, with a (second order?) transition revealed in the Columbia plot with quark masses as axes. In the corner of small quark masses there is a true phase transition as temperature is raised, while outside this region there is instead no genuine phase transition under variation of the temperature but rather only a crossover.

hep-ph

Automatic hermiticity for mixed states

We previously proposed a mechanism to effectively obtain, after a long time development, a Hamiltonian being Hermitian with regard to a modified inner product $I_Q$ that makes a given non-normal Hamiltonian normal by using an appropriately chosen Hermitian operator $Q$. We studied it for pure states. In this letter we show that a similar mechanism also works for mixed states by introducing density matrices to describe them and investigating their properties explicitly both in the future-not-included and future-included theories. In particular, in the latter, where not only a past state at the initial time $T_A$ but also a future state at the final time $T_B$ is given, we study a couple of candidates for it, and introduce a ``skew density matrix'' composed of both ensembles of the future and past states such that the trace of the product of it and an operator ${\cal O}$ matches a normalized matrix element of ${\cal O}$. We argue that the skew density matrix defined with $I_Q$ at the present time $t$ for large $T_B-t$ and large $t-T_A$ approximately corresponds to another density matrix composed of only an ensemble of past states and defined with another inner product $I_{Q_J}$ for large $t-T_A$.

hep-th

A new view on cosmology, with non-translational invariant Hamiltonian

The idea of this contribution is to suggest a way to get rid of gravity as a dynamical space time approximately in cosmology and thus be able to use Hamiltonian formulation ignoring the gravitational degrees of freedom, treating them just as background. Concretely we suggest to use a background De Sitter spacetime and then instead of the usual choice of coordinates leading to a picture in which the Universe Hubble expands, we propose to identify the time translation in the new coordinate system with a Killing form transformation for the De Sitter space time. This then leads to unwanted features like the descripton being formally not translational invariant, but we have in mind just to get in a simple way time translation and its associated Hamiltonian, and shall then in word give some ideas of the from this point of view way of looking at the usual cosmology.

gr-qc

What gives a "theory of Initial Conditions" ?

The present work contains a review of some of the work we have done on complex action or non-Hermitian Hamiltonian theory, especially the result that the anti-Hermitian part of the Hamiltonian functions by determining the actual solution to the equations of motion, that should be realized; this means it predicts the initial conditions. It should be stressed that a major result of ours is that the effective equations of motion will in practice -- after long time -- be so accurately as if we had indeed a Hermitian Hamiltonian, and so there is at first nothing wrong in assuming a non-Hermitian one. In fact it would practically seem Hermitian anyway! A major new point is that we seek by a bit intuitively arguing to suggest some cosmologically predictions from the mentioned initial conditions predicted: We seek even by assumming essentially nothing but very general properties of the non-Hermitian Hamiltonian that we in practice should find a bottom in the (effective Hermitian) Hamiltonian and that the Universe at some moment should pass through a (multiple) saddle point very closely, so that the time spent at it would be very long.

quant-ph

Reality from maximizing overlap in the periodic complex action theory

We study the periodic complex action theory (CAT) by imposing a periodic condition in the future-included CAT where the time integration is performed from the past to the future, and extend a normalized matrix element of an operator $\hat{\mathcal O}$, which is called the weak value in the real action theory, to another expression $\langle \hat{\mathcal O} \rangle_{\mathrm{periodic}~\mathrm{time}}$. We present two theorems stating that $\langle \hat{\mathcal O} \rangle_{\mathrm{periodic}~\mathrm{time}}$ becomes real for $\hat{\mathcal O}$ being Hermitian with regard to a modified inner product that makes a given non-normal Hamiltonian $\hat{H}$ normal. The first theorem holds for a given period $t_p$ in a case where the number of eigenstates having the maximal imaginary part $B$ of the eigenvalues of $\hat{H}$ is just one, while the second one stands for $t_p$ selected such that the absolute value of the transition amplitude is maximized in a case where $B \leq 0$ and $|B|$ is much smaller than the distances between any two real parts of the eigenvalues of $\hat{H}$. The latter proven via a number-theoretical argument suggests that, if our universe is periodic, then even the period could be an adjustment parameter to be determined in the Feynman path integral. This is a variant type of the maximization principle that we previously proposed.

quant-ph