Controlling structural phases of Sn through lattice engineering
Topology and superconductivity, two distinct phenomena offer unique insight into quantum properties and their applications in quantum technologies, spintronics, and sustainable energy technologies if system can be found where they coexist. Tin (Sn) plays a pivotal role here as an element due to its two structural phases, $α$-Sn and $β$-Sn, exhibiting topological characteristics ($α$-Sn) and superconductivity ($β$-Sn). In this study we show how precise control of $α$ and $β$ phases of Sn thin films can be achieved by using molecular beam epitaxy grown buffer layers with systematic control over the lattice parameter. The resulting Sn films showed either $β$-Sn or $α$-Sn phases as the lattice constant of the buffer layer was varied from 6.10 A to 6.48 A, covering the range between GaSb (closely matched to InAs) and InSb. The crystal structures of the $α$- and $β$-Sn films were characterized by x-ray diffraction and confirmed by Raman spectroscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy. The smooth and continuous surface morphology of the Sn films was validated using atomic force microscopy. The characteristics of $α$- and $β$-Sn phases were further verified using electrical transport measurements by observing resistance drop near 3.7 K for superconductivity of the $β$-Sn phase and Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations for the $α$-Sn phase. Density functional theory calculations showed that the stability of the Sn phases is highly dependent on lattice strain, with $α$-Sn being more stable under tensile strain and $β$-Sn becoming favorable under compressive strain, which is in good agreement with experimental observations. Hence, this study sheds light on controlling Sn phases through lattice engineering, enabling innovative applications in quantum technologies and beyond.