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Hong-Jian Lai

Publications and source records attributed to Hong-Jian Lai.

34 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

Gallai-Ramsey numbers involving a rainbow $4$-path

Given two non-empty graphs $G,H$ and a positive integer $k$, the Gallai-Ramsey number $\operatorname{gr}_k(G:H)$ is defined as the minimum integer $N$ such that for all $n\geq N$, every $k$-edge-coloring of $K_n$ contains either a rainbow colored copy of $G$ or a monochromatic copy of $H$. In this paper, we got some exact values or bounds for $\operatorname{gr}_k(P_5:H) \ (k\geq 3)$ if $H$ is a general graph or a star with extra independent edges or a pineapple.

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Unified spectral hamiltonian results of balanced bipartite graphs and complementary graphs

There have been researches on sufficient spectral conditions for Hamiltonian properties and path-coverable properties of graphs. Utilizing the Bondy-Chvátal closure, we provide a unified approach to study sufficient graph eigenvalue conditions for these properties and sharpen former spectral results in [{\em Linear Algebra Appl.}, 432 (2010), 566-570], [{\em Linear Algebra Appl.}, 432 (2010), 2170-2173], [{\em Appl. Mech. Mater.}, 336-338 (2013), 2329-2334], [{\em Linear Algebra Appl.}, 467 (2015), 254-266], [{\em Linear Multilinear Algebra}, 64 (2016), 2252-2269], and [{\em J. Comb. Optim.}, 35 (2018), 1104-1127], among others.

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Fractional matching number and spectral radius of nonnegative matrix of graphs

A fractional matching of a graph $G$ is a function $f:E(G) \to [0,1]$ such that for any $v\in V(G)$, $\sum_{e\in E_G(v)}f(e)\leq 1$ where $E_G(v) = \{e \in E(G): e$ is incident with $v$ in $G\}$. The fractional matching number of $G$ is $μ_{f}(G) = \max\{\sum_{e\in E(G)} f(e): f$ is fractional matching of $G\}$. For any real numbers $a \ge 0$ and $k \in (0, n)$, it is observed that if $n = |V(G)|$ and $δ(G) > \frac{n-k}{2}$, then $μ_{f}(G)>\frac{n-k}{2}$. We determine a function $φ(a, n,δ, k)$ and show that for a connected graph $G$ with $n = |V(G)|$, $δ(G) \leq\frac{n-k}{2}$, spectral radius $λ_1(G)$ and complement $\overline{G}$, each of the following holds. (i) If $λ_{1}(aD(G)+A(G))<φ(a, n, δ, k),$ then $μ_{f}(G)>\frac{n-k}{2}.$ (ii) If $λ_{1}(aD(\overline{G})+A(\overline{G}))<(a+1)(δ+k-1),$ then $μ_{f}(G)>\frac{n-k}{2}.$ As corollaries, sufficient spectral condition for fractional perfect matchings and analogous results involving $Q$-index and $A_α$-spectral radius are obtained, and former spectral results in [European J. Combin. 55 (2016) 144-148] are extended.

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Induced subgraphs of product graphs and a generalization of Huang's theorem

Recently, Huang showed that every $(2^{n-1}+1)$-vertex induced subgraph of the $n$-dimensional hypercube has maximum degree at least $\sqrt{n}$ in [Annals of Mathematics, 190 (2019), 949--955]. In this paper, we discuss the induced subgraphs of Cartesian product graphs and semi-strong product graphs to generalize Huang's result. Let $Γ_1$ be a connected signed bipartite graph of order $n$ and $Γ_2$ be a connected signed graph of order $m$. By defining two kinds of signed product of $Γ_1$ and $Γ_2$, denoted by $Γ_1\widetilde{\Box}Γ_2$ and $Γ_1\widetilde{\bowtie} Γ_2$, we show that if $Γ_1$ and $Γ_2$ have exactly two distinct adjacency eigenvalues $\pmθ_1$ and $\pmθ_2$ respectively, then every $(\frac{1}{2}mn+1)$-vertex induced subgraph of $Γ_1\widetilde{\Box}Γ_2$ (resp. $Γ_1\widetilde{\bowtie} Γ_2$) has maximum degree at least $\sqrt{θ_1^2+θ_2^2}$ (resp. $\sqrt{(θ_1^2+1)θ_2^2}$). Moreover, we discuss the eigenvalues of $Γ_1\widetilde{\Box} Γ_2$ and $Γ_1\widetilde{\bowtie} Γ_2$ and obtain a sufficient and necessary condition such that the spectrum of $Γ_1\widetilde{\Box}Γ_2$ and $Γ_1\widetilde{\bowtie}Γ_2$ are symmetric, from which we obtain more general results on maximum degree of the induced subgraphs.

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Connectivity and eigenvalues of graphs with given girth or clique number

Let $κ'(G)$, $κ(G)$, $μ_{n-1}(G)$ and $μ_1(G)$ denote the edge-connectivity, vertex-connectivity, the algebraic connectivity and the Laplacian spectral radius of $G$, respectively. In this paper, we prove that for integers $k\geq 2$ and $r\geq 2$, and any simple graph $G$ of order $n$ with minimum degree $δ\geq k$, girth $g\geq 3$ and clique number $ω(G)\leq r$, the edge-connectivity $κ'(G)\geq k$ if $μ_{n-1}(G) \geq \frac{(k-1)n}{N(δ,g)(n-N(δ,g))}$ or if $μ_{n-1}(G) \geq \frac{(k-1)n}{φ(δ,r)(n-φ(δ,r))}$, where $N(δ,g)$ is the Moore bound on the smallest possible number of vertices such that there exists a $δ$-regular simple graph with girth $g$, and $φ(δ,r) = \max\{δ+1,\lfloor\frac{rδ}{r-1}\rfloor\}$. Analogue results involving $μ_{n-1}(G)$ and $\frac{μ_1(G)}{μ_{n-1}(G)}$ to characterize vertex-connectivity of graphs with fixed girth and clique number are also presented. Former results in [Linear Algebra Appl. 439 (2013) 3777--3784], [Linear Algebra Appl. 578 (2019) 411--424], [Linear Algebra Appl. 579 (2019) 72--88], [Appl. Math. Comput. 344-345 (2019) 141--149] and [Electronic J. Linear Algebra 34 (2018) 428--443] are improved or extended.

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Vertex-connectivity and $Q$-index of graphs with fixed girth

Let $q(G)$ denote the $Q$-index of a graph $G$, which is the largest signless Laplacian eigenvalue of $G$. We prove best possible upper bounds of $q(G)$ and best possible lower bounds of $q(\overline{G})$ for a connected graph $G$ to be $k$-connected and maximally connected, respectively. Similar upper bounds of $q(G)$ and lower bounds of $q(\overline{G})$ to assure $G$ to be super-connected are also obtained. Upper bounds of $q(G)$ and lower bounds of $q(\overline{G})$ to assure a connected triangle-free graph $G$ to be $k$-connected, maximally connected and super-connected are also respectively investigated.

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A note on eigenvalues and Hamiltoinan properties of $k$-connected graphs

Let $λ_{1}(G)$ and $μ_{1}(G)$ denote the spectral radius and the Laplacian spectral radius of a graph $G$, respectively. Li in [Electronic J. Linear Algebra 34 (2018) 389-392] proved sharp upper bounds of $λ_{1}(G)$ based on the connectivity to assure a connected graph to be Hamiltonian and traceable, respectively. In this paper, we present best possible upper bounds of $λ_{1}(G)$ for $k$-connected graphs to be Hamiltonian-connected and homogeneously traceable, respectively. Furthermore, best possible upper bounds of $μ_{1}(G)$ to predict $k$-connected graphs to be Hamiltonian-connected, Hamiltonian and traceable are originally proved, respectively.

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Spanning tree packing, edge-connectivity and eigenvalues of graphs with given girth

Let $τ(G)$ and $κ'(G)$ denote the edge-connectivity and the spanning tree packing number of a graph $G$, respectively. Proving a conjecture initiated by Cioaba and Wong, Liu et al. in 2014 showed that for any simple graph $G$ with minimum degree $δ\ge 2k \ge 4$, if the second largest adjacency eigenvalue of $G$ satisfies $λ_2(G) < δ- \frac{2k-1}{δ+1}$, then $τ(G) \ge k$. Similar results involving the Laplacian eigenvalues and the signless Laplacian eigenvalues of $G$ are also obtained. In this paper, we find a function $f(δ, k, g)$ such that for every graph $G$ with minimum degree $δ\ge 2k \ge 4$ and girth $g \ge 3$, if its second largest adjacency eigenvalue satisfies $λ_2(G) < f(δ, k, g)$, then $τ(G) \ge k$. As $f(δ, k, 3) = δ- \frac{2k-1}{δ+1}$, this extends the above-mentioned result of Liu et al. Related results involving the girth of the graph, Laplacian eigenvalues and the signless Laplacian eigenvalues to describe $τ(G)$ and $κ'(G)$ are also obtained.

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On the sizes of vertex-$k$-maximal $r$-uniform hypergraphs

Let $H=(V,E)$ be a hypergraph, where $V$ is a set of vertices and $E$ is a set of non-empty subsets of $V$ called edges. If all edges of $H$ have the same cardinality $r$, then $H$ is a $r$-uniform hypergraph; if $E$ consists of all $r$-subsets of $V$, then $H$ is a complete $r$-uniform hypergraph, denoted by $K_n^r$, where $n=|V|$. A hypergraph $H'=(V',E')$ is called a subhypergraph of $H=(V,E)$ if $V'\subseteq V$ and $E'\subseteq E$. A $r$-uniform hypergraph $H=(V,E)$ is vertex-$k$-maximal if every subhypergraph of $H$ has vertex-connectivity at most $k$, but for any edge $e\in E(K_n^r)\setminus E(H)$, $H+e$ contains at least one subhypergraph with vertex-connectivity at least $k+1$. In this paper, we first prove that for given integers $n,k,r$ with $k,r\geq2$ and $n\geq k+1$, every vertex-$k$-maximal $r$-uniform hypergraph $H$ of order $n$ satisfies $|E(H)|\geq (^n_r)-(^{n-k}_r)$, and this lower bound is best possible. Next, we conjecture that for sufficiently large $n$, every vertex-$k$-maximal $r$-uniform hypergraph $H$ on $n$ vertices satisfies $|E(H)|\leq(^n_r)-(^{n-k}_r)+(\frac{n}{k}-2)(^k_r)$, where $k,r\geq2$ are integers. And the conjecture is verified for the case $r>k$.

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On the sizes of $(k,l)$-edge-maximal $r$-uniform hypergraphs

Let $H=(V,E)$ be a hypergraph, where $V$ is a set of vertices and $E$ is a set of non-empty subsets of $V$ called edges. If all edges of $H$ have the same cardinality $r$, then $H$ is a $r$-uniform hypergraph; if $E$ consists of all $r$-subsets of $V$, then $H$ is a complete $r$-uniform hypergraph, denoted by $K_n^r$, where $n=|V|$. A $r$-uniform hypergraph $H=(V,E)$ is $(k,l)$-edge-maximal if every subhypergraph $H'$ of $H$ with $|V(H')|\geq l$ has edge-connectivity at most $k$, but for any edge $e\in E(K_n^r)\setminus E(H)$, $H+e$ contains at least one subhypergraph $H''$ with $|V(H'')|\geq l$ and edge-connectivity at least $k+1$. In this paper, we obtain the lower bounds and the upper bounds of the sizes of $(k,l)$-edge-maximal hypergraphs. Furthermore, we show that these bounds are best possible. Thus prior results in [Y.Z. Tian, L.Q. Xu, H.-J. Lai, J.X. Meng, On the sizes of $k$-edge-maximal $r$-uniform hypergraphs, arXiv:1802.08843v3] are extended.

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On the sizes of $k$-edge-maximal $r$-uniform hypergraphs

Let $H=(V,E)$ be a hypergraph, where $V$ is a set of vertices and $E$ is a set of non-empty subsets of $V$ called edges. If all edges of $H$ have the same cardinality $r$, then $H$ is a $r$-uniform hypergraph; if $E$ consists of all $r$-subsets of $V$, then $H$ is a complete $r$-uniform hypergraph, denoted by $K_n^r$, where $n=|V|$. A hypergraph $H'=(V',E')$ is called a subhypergraph of $H=(V,E)$ if $V'\subseteq V$ and $E'\subseteq E$. A $r$-uniform hypergraph $H=(V,E)$ is $k$-edge-maximal if every subhypergraph of $H$ has edge-connectivity at most $k$, but for any edge $e\in E(K_n^r)\setminus E(H)$, $H+e$ contains at least one subhypergraph with edge-connectivity at least $k+1$. Let $k$ and $r$ be integers with $k\geq2$ and $r\geq2$, and let $t=t(k,r)$ be the largest integer such that $(^{t-1}_{r-1})\leq k$. That is, $t$ is the integer satisfies $(^{t-1}_{r-1})\leq k<(^{t}_{r-1})$. We prove that if $H$ is a $r$-uniform $k$-edge-maximal hypergraph such that $n=|V(H)|\geq t$, then ($i$) $|E(H)|\leq (^{t}_{r})+(n-t)k$, and this bound is best possible; ($ii$) $|E(H)|\geq (n-1)k -((t-1)k-(^{t}_{r}))\lfloor\frac{n}{t}\rfloor$, and this bound is best possible. This extends former results in [8] and [6].

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Nonseparating trees in 2-connected graphs and oriented trees in strongly connected digraphs

Mader [J. Graph Theory 65 (2010) 61-69] conjectured that for every positive integer $k$ and every finite tree $T$ with order $m$, every $k$-connected, finite graph $G$ with $δ(G)\geq \lfloor\frac{3}{2}k\rfloor+m-1$ contains a subtree $T'$ isomorphic to $T$ such that $G-V(T')$ is $k$-connected. The conjecture has been verified for paths, trees when $k=1$, and stars or double-stars when $k=2$. In this paper we verify the conjecture for two classes of trees when $k=2$. For digraphs, Mader [J. Graph Theory 69 (2012) 324-329] conjectured that every $k$-connected digraph $D$ with minimum semi-degree $δ(D)=min\{δ^+(D),δ^-(D)\}\geq 2k+m-1$ for a positive integer $m$ has a dipath $P$ of order $m$ with $κ(D-V(P))\geq k$. The conjecture has only been verified for the dipath with $m=1$, and the dipath with $m=2$ and $k=1$. In this paper, we prove that every strongly connected digraph with minimum semi-degree $δ(D)=min\{δ^+(D),δ^-(D)\}\geq m+1$ contains an oriented tree $T$ isomorphic to some given oriented stars or double-stars with order $m$ such that $D-V(T)$ is still strongly connected.

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Connectivity keeping stars or double-stars in 2-connected graphs

In [W. Mader, Connectivity keeping paths in $k$-connected graphs, J. Graph Theory 65 (2010) 61-69.], Mader conjectured that for every positive integer $k$ and every finite tree $T$ with order $m$, every $k$-connected, finite graph $G$ with $δ(G)\geq \lfloor\frac{3}{2}k\rfloor+m-1$ contains a subtree $T'$ isomorphic to $T$ such that $G-V(T')$ is $k$-connected. In the same paper, Mader proved that the conjecture is true when $T$ is a path. Diwan and Tholiya [A.A. Diwan, N.P. Tholiya, Non-separating trees in connected graphs, Discrete Math. 309 (2009) 5235-5237.] verified the conjecture when $k=1$. In this paper, we will prove that Mader's conjecture is true when $T$ is a star or double-star and $k=2$.

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Nowhere-zero $3$-flow and $\mathbb{Z}_3$-connectedness in Graphs with Four Edge-disjoint Spanning Trees

Given a zero-sum function $β: V(G) \rightarrow \mathbb{Z}_3$ with $\sum_{v\in V(G)}β(v)=0$, an orientation $D$ of $G$ with $d^+_D(v)-d^-_D(v)= β(v)$ in $\mathbb{Z}_3$ for every vertex $v\in V(G)$ is called a $β$-orientation. A graph $G$ is $\mathbb{Z}_3$-connected if $G$ admits a $β$- orientation for every zero-sum function $β$. Jaeger et al. conjectured that every $5$-edge-connected graph is $\mathbb{Z}_3$-connected. A graph is $\langle\mathbb{Z}_3\rangle$-extendable at vertex $v$ if any pre-orientation at $v$ can be extended to a $β$-orientation of $G$ for any zero-sum function $β$. We observe that if every $5$-edge-connected essentially $6$-edge-connected graph is $\langle\mathbb{Z}_3\rangle$-extendable at any degree five vertex, then the above mentioned conjecture by Jaeger et al. holds as well. Furthermore, applying the partial flow extension method of Thomassen and of Lovász et al., we prove that every graph with at least 4 edge-disjoint spanning trees is $\mathbb{Z}_3$-connected. Consequently, every $5$-edge-connected essentially $23$-edge-connected graph is $\langle\mathbb{Z}_3\rangle$-extendable at degree five vertex.

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On the permanental nullity and matching number of graphs

For a graph $G$ with $n$ vertices, let $ν(G)$ and $A(G)$ denote the matching number and adjacency matrix of $G$, respectively. The permanental polynomial of $G$ is defined as $π(G,x)={\rm per}(Ix-A(G))$. The permanental nullity of $G$, denoted by $η_{per}(G)$, is the multiplicity of the zero root of $π(G,x)$. In this paper, we use the Gallai-Edmonds structure theorem to derive a concise formula which reveals the relationship between the permanental nullity and the matching number of a graph. Furthermore, we prove a necessary and sufficient condition for a graph $G$ to have $η_{per}(G)=0$. As applications, we show that every unicyclic graph $G$ on $n$ vertices satisfies $n-2ν(G)-1 \le η_{per}(G) \le n-2ν(G)$, that the permanental nullity of the line graph of a graph is either zero or one, and that the permanental nullity of a factor critical graph is always zero.

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Characterizations of minimal graphs with equal edge connectivity and spanning tree packing number

With graphs considered as natural models for many network design problems, edge connectivity $κ'(G)$ and maximum number of edge-disjoint spanning trees $τ(G)$ of a graph $G$ have been used as measures for reliability and strength in communication networks modeled as graph $G$ (see \cite{Cunn85, Matula87}, among others). Mader \cite{Mader71} and Matula \cite{Matula72} introduced the maximum subgraph edge connectivity $\overline{κ'}(G)=\max \{κ'(H): H \mbox{ is a subgraph of } G \}$. Motivated by their applications in network design and by the established inequalities \[ \overline{κ'}(G)\ge κ'(G) \ge τ(G), \] we present the following in this paper: (i) For each integer $k>0$, a characterization for graphs $G$ with the property that $\overline{κ'}(G) \le k$ but for any edge $e$ not in $G$, $\overline{κ'}(G+e)\ge k+1$. (ii) For any integer $n > 0$, a characterization for graphs $G$ with $|V(G)| = n$ such that $κ'(G) = τ(G)$ with $|E(G)|$ minimized.

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