Quantified Constraints and Containment Problems
The quantified constraint satisfaction problem $\mathrm{QCSP}(\mathcal{A})$ is the problem to decide whether a positive Horn sentence, involving nothing more than the two quantifiers and conjunction, is true on some fixed structure $\mathcal{A}$. We study two containment problems related to the QCSP. Firstly, we give a combinatorial condition on finite structures $\mathcal{A}$ and $\mathcal{B}$ that is necessary and sufficient to render $\mathrm{QCSP}(\mathcal{A}) \subseteq \mathrm{QCSP}(\mathcal{B})$. We prove that $\mathrm{QCSP}(\mathcal{A}) \subseteq \mathrm{QCSP}(\mathcal{B})$, that is all sentences of positive Horn logic true on $\mathcal{A}$ are true on $\mathcal{B}$, iff there is a surjective homomorphism from $\mathcal{A}^{|A|^{|B|}}$ to $\mathcal{B}$. This can be seen as improving an old result of Keisler that shows the former equivalent to there being a surjective homomorphism from $\mathcal{A}^ω$ to $\mathcal{B}$. We note that this condition is already necessary to guarantee containment of the $Π_2$ restriction of the QCSP, that is $Π_2$-$\mathrm{CSP}(\mathcal{A}) \subseteq Π_2$-$\mathrm{CSP}(\mathcal{B})$. The exponent's bound of ${|A|^{|B|}}$ places the decision procedure for the model containment problem in non-deterministic double-exponential time complexity. We further show the exponent's bound $|A|^{|B|}$ to be close to tight by giving a sequence of structures $\mathcal{A}$ together with a fixed $\mathcal{B}$, $|B|=2$, such that there is a surjective homomorphism from $\mathcal{A}^r$ to $\mathcal{B}$ only when $r \geq |A|$. Secondly, we prove that the entailment problem for positive Horn fragment of first-order logic is decidable. That is, given two sentences $φ$ and $ψ$ of positive Horn, we give an algorithm that determines whether $φ\rightarrow ψ$ is true in all structures (models). Our result is in some sense tight, since we show that the entailment problem for positive first-order logic (i.e. positive Horn plus disjunction) is undecidable. In the final part of the paper we ponder a notion of Q-core that is some canonical representative among the class of templates that engender the same QCSP. Although the Q-core is not as well-behaved as its better known cousin the core, we demonstrate that it is still a useful notion in the realm of QCSP complexity classifications.