Federated Forensics: Jurisdictional constraints as a design driver for multi-agency federated learning
Digital forensic investigations increasingly cross borders, and law enforcement agencies need to build analytical models together without centralizing their data. Federated Learning (FL) keeps data local, yet neither FL nor its frameworks enforce the jurisdictional, governance, and accountability rules that multi-agency forensic work requires. This paper takes a design-first approach to that gap. First, we derive seven requirements that a federated learning system must meet in a forensic setting. Second, we propose Federated Forensics, a three-layer reference architecture whose middle layer, unlike in existing hierarchical FL designs, sits at a jurisdictional border and can use a model update locally while blocking it from crossing that border. Third, we build a prototype of the architecture and test it on a malware-family classification task. In a prototype evaluation, the policy gate blocked every restricted update at the border with zero violations, and restricted-class accuracy rose from 0% under today's compliant alternative to 93.0%, only 4.4 points below ignoring the restriction.