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Huub J. A. Röttgering

Publications and source records attributed to Huub J. A. Röttgering.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

Filamentary Baryons and Where to Find Them: A forecast of synchrotron radiation from merger and accretion shocks in the local Cosmic Web

We generate probabilistic predictions of the low-redshift ($z < 0.2$) synchrotron Cosmic Web for half of the Northern Sky. In particular, we predict the contribution to the specific intensity function at $ν_\mathrm{obs} = 150\ \mathrm{MHz}$ from merger shocks in clusters and accretion shocks in filaments, both of which arise during large-scale structure formation. We assume a primordial magnetogenesis scenario, but our method is general enough to allow for an exploration of alternative magnetogenesis scenarios - and even alternative radiation mechanisms and spectral windows. In the future, by comparing different predictions, one could infer the most plausible physical model from a synchrotron Cosmic Web detection. Our method combines Bayesian large-scale structure reconstructions, snapshots of an MHD cosmological simulation, a Gaussian random field, and a ray tracing approach. The results help to select targets for deep observations and can be used in actual detection experiments. We highlight predictions for the Hercules Cluster, the Coma Cluster, Abell 2199, Abell 2255, the Lockman Hole and the Ursa Major Supercluster. At degree-scale resolution, the median specific intensity reaches $m_{I_ν} \sim 10^{-1}\ ξ_e\ \mathrm{Jy\ deg^{-2}}$, where $ξ_e$ is the electron acceleration efficiency.

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The discovery of a radio galaxy of at least 5 Mpc

We discover what is in projection the largest known structure of galactic origin: a giant radio galaxy with a projected proper length of $4.99 \pm 0.04\ \mathrm{Mpc}$. The source, named Alcyoneus, was first identified in low-resolution LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey images from which angularly compact sources had been removed. Being an extreme example in its class, Alcyoneus could shed light on the main mechanisms that drive radio galaxy growth. We find that - beyond geometry - Alcyoneus and its host galaxy appear suspiciously ordinary: the total low-frequency luminosity density, stellar mass and supermassive black hole mass are all lower than, though similar to, those of the medial giant radio galaxy (percentiles $45 \pm 3\%$, $25 \pm 9 \%$ and $23 \pm 11 \%$, respectively). The source resides in a filament of the Cosmic Web, with which it might have significant thermodynamic interaction. At $5 \cdot 10^{-16}\ \mathrm{Pa}$, the pressures in the lobes are the lowest hitherto found, and Alcyoneus therefore represents one of the most promising radio galaxies yet to probe the warm-hot intergalactic medium.

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High-resolution international LOFAR observations of 4C~43.15 -- Spectral ages and injection indices in a high-z radio galaxy

Radio sources with steep spectra are preferentially associated with the most distant galaxies, the $α-z$ relation, but the reason for this relation is an open question. The spatial distribution of spectra in high-z radio sources can be used to study this relation, and low-frequency observations are particularly important in understanding the particle acceleration and injection mechanisms. However, the small angular sizes of high-z sources together with the inherently low resolution of low-frequency radio telescopes until now has prevented high angular resolution low-frequency observations of distant objects. Here we present subarcsecond observations of a $z = 2.4$ radio galaxy at frequencies between $121$ MHz and $166$ MHz. We measure the spatial distribution of spectra, and discuss the implications for models of the $α-z$ relation. We targeted 4C 43.15 with the High Band Antennas (HBAs) of the \textit{International LOFAR Telescope} (ILT) with a range of baselines up to $1300\ \mathrm{km}$. At the central frequency of $143$ MHz we achieve an angular resolution of $\sim 0.3''$. By complementing our data with archival \textit{Very Large Array} (VLA) data we study the spectral index distribution across 4C 43.15 between $55\ \mathrm{MHz}$ and $8.4\ \mathrm{GHz}$ at resolutions of $0.4''$ and $0.9''$. With a magnetic field strength of $B = 5.2$ nT and fitted injection indices of $α^\mathrm{north}_\mathrm{inj} = -0.8$ and $α^\mathrm{south}_\mathrm{inj} = -0.6$, fitting a Tribble spectral ageing model results in a spectral age of $τ_\mathrm{spec} = 1.1 \pm 0.1$ Myr. We conclude that our data on 4C 43.15 indicates that inverse Compton losses could become comparable to or exceed synchrotron losses at higher redshifts and that inverse Compton losses could be a viable explanation for the $α-z$ relation.

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Unveiling the rarest morphologies of the LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey radio source population with self-organised maps

The Low Frequency Array (LOFAR) Two-metre Sky Survey (LoTSS) is a low-frequency radio continuum survey of the Northern sky at an unparalleled resolution and sensitivity. In order to fully exploit this huge dataset and those produced by the Square Kilometre Array in the next decade, automated methods in machine learning and data-mining will be increasingly essential both for morphological classifications and for identifying optical counterparts to the radio sources. Using self-organising maps (SOMs), a form of unsupervised machine learning, we created a dimensionality reduction of the radio morphologies for the $\sim$25k extended radio continuum sources in the LoTSS first data release, which is only $\sim$2 percent of the final LoTSS survey. We made use of \textsc{PINK}, a code which extends the SOM algorithm with rotation and flipping invariance, increasing its suitability and effectiveness for training on astronomical sources. After training, the SOMs can be used for a wide range of science exploitation and we present an illustration of their potential by finding an arbitrary number of morphologically rare sources in our training data (424 square degrees) and subsequently in an area of the sky ($\sim$5300 square degrees) outside the training data. Objects found in this way span a wide range of morphological and physical categories: extended jets of radio active galactic nuclei, diffuse cluster haloes and relics, and nearby spiral galaxies. Finally, to enable accessible, interactive, and intuitive data exploration, we showcase the LOFAR-PyBDSF Visualisation Tool, which allows users to explore the LoTSS dataset through the trained SOMs.

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Fast magnetic field amplification in distant galaxyclusters

In the present-day Universe, magnetic fields pervade galaxy clusters, with strengths of a few microGauss obtained from Faraday Rotation. Evidence for cluster magnetic fields is also provided by Megaparsec-scale radio emission, namely radio halos and relics. These are commonly found in merging systems and are characterized by a steep radio spectrum. It is widely believed that magneto-hydrodynamical turbulence and shock-waves (re-)accelerate cosmic rays, producing halos and relics. The origin and the amplification of magnetic fields in clusters is not well understood. It has been proposed that turbulence drives a small-scaledynamo that amplifies seed magnetic fields (primordial and/or injected by galactic outflows, as active galactic nuclei, starbursts, or winds). At high redshift, radio halos are expected to be faint, due to the Inverse Compton losses and dimming effect with distance. Moreover, Faraday Rotation measurements are difficult to obtain. If detected, distant radio halosprovide an alternative tool to investigate magnetic field amplification. Here, we report LOFAR observations which reveal diffuse radio emission in massive clusters when the Universe was only half of its present age, with a sample occurrence fraction of about 50%. The high radio luminosities indicate that these clusters have similar magnetic field strengths to those in nearby clusters, and suggest that magnetic field amplification is fast during the first phases ofcluster formation.

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Limits to Rest-Frame Ultraviolet Emission From Far-Infrared-Luminous z~6 Quasar Hosts

We report on a Hubble Space Telescope search for rest-frame ultraviolet emission from the host galaxies of five far-infrared-luminous $z\simeq{}6$ quasars and the $z=5.85$ hot-dust free quasar SDSS J0005-0006. We perform 2D surface brightness modeling for each quasar using a Markov-Chain Monte-Carlo estimator, to simultaneously fit and subtract the quasar point source in order to constrain the underlying host galaxy emission. We measure upper limits for the quasar host galaxies of $m_J>22.7$ mag and $m_H>22.4$ mag, corresponding to stellar masses of $M_\ast<2\times10^{11}M_\odot$. These stellar mass limits are consistent with the local $M_{\textrm{BH}}$-$M_\ast$ relation. Our flux limits are consistent with those predicted for the UV stellar populations of $z\simeq6$ host galaxies, but likely in the presence of significant dust ($\langle A_{\mathrm{UV}}\rangle\simeq 2.6$ mag). We also detect a total of up to 9 potential $z\simeq6$ quasar companion galaxies surrounding five of the six quasars, separated from the quasars by 1.4''-3.2'', or 8.4-19.4 kpc, which may be interacting with the quasar hosts. These nearby companion galaxies have UV absolute magnitudes of -22.1 to -19.9 mag, and UV spectral slopes $β$ of -2.0 to -0.2, consistent with luminous star-forming galaxies at $z\simeq6$. These results suggest that the quasars are in dense environments typical of luminous $z\simeq6$ galaxies. However, we cannot rule out the possibility that some of these companions are foreground interlopers. Infrared observations with the James Webb Space Telescope will be needed to detect the $z\simeq6$ quasar host galaxies and better constrain their stellar mass and dust content.

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A census of galaxy constituents in a Coma Progenitor observed at z>3

We present a detailed census of galaxies in and around PC217.96+32.3, a spectroscopically confirmed Coma analog at z=3.78. Diverse galaxy types identified in the field include Lya emitters (LAEs), massive star-forming galaxies, and ultra-massive galaxies (log (Mstar/Msun)>= 11) which may have already halted their star formation. The sky distribution of the star-forming galaxies suggests the presence of a significant overdensity (delta_g=8+/-2), which is spatially offset from the previously confirmed members by 3-4 Mpc to the west. Candidate quiescent and post-starburst galaxies are also found in large excess (a factor of ~ 8-15 higher surface density than the field) although their redshifts are less certain. We estimate that the total enclosed mass traced by star-forming galaxy candidates is roughly comparable to that of PC217.96+32.3 traced by the LAEs. We speculate that the true extent of PC217.96+32.3 may be larger than previously known, a half of which is missed by our LAE selection. Alternatively, the newly discovered overdensity may belong to another Coma progenitor not associated with PC217.96+32.3. Expectations from theory suggest that both scenarios are equally unlikely (<1%), particularly in the cosmic volume probed in our survey. If confirmed as a single structure, its total mass will be well in excess of Coma, making this a singularly large cosmic structure rarely seen even in large cosmological simulations. Finally, we find that the protocluster galaxies follow the same SFR-M_star scaling relation as the field galaxies, suggesting that the environmental effect at z~4 is a subtle one at best for normal star-forming galaxies.

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Evolutionary phases of merging clusters as seen by LOFAR

Massive, merging galaxy clusters often host giant, diffuse radio sources that arise from shocks and turbulence; hence, radio observations can be useful for determining the merger state of a cluster. In preparation for a larger study, we selected three clusters -- Abell 1319, Abell 1314, and RXC J1501.3+4220 (Z7215) -- making use of the new LOFAR Two-Metre Sky Survey (LoTSS) at 120-168 MHz, and together with archival data, show that these clusters appear to be in pre-merging, merging, and post-merging states, respectively. We argue that Abell 1319 is likely in its pre-merging phase, where three separate cluster components are about to merge. There are no radio halos nor radio relics detected in this system. Abell 1314 is a highly-disturbed, low-mass cluster which is likely in the process of merging. This low-mass system does not show a radio halo, however, we argue that the merger activates mechanisms that cause electron re-acceleration in the large 800 kpc radio tail associated with IC~711. In the cluster Z7215 we discover diffuse radio emission at the cluster center, and we classify this emission as a radio halo, although it is dimmer and smaller than expected by the radio halo power versus cluster mass correlation. We suggest that the disturbed cluster Z7215 is in its post-merging phase. Systematic studies of this kind over a larger sample of clusters observed with LoTSS will help constrain the time scales involved in turbulent re-acceleration and the subsequent energy losses of the underlying electrons.

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Pipeline Collector: gathering performance data for distributed astronomical pipelines

Modern astronomical data processing requires complex software pipelines to process ever growing datasets. For radio astronomy, these pipelines have become so large that they need to be distributed across a computational cluster. This makes it difficult to monitor the performance of each pipeline step. To gain insight into the performance of each step, a performance monitoring utility needs to be integrated with the pipeline execution. In this work we have developed such a utility and integrated it with the calibration pipeline of the Low Frequency Array, LOFAR, a leading radio telescope. We tested the tool by running the pipeline on several different compute platforms and collected the performance data. Based on this data, we make well informed recommendations on future hardware and software upgrades. The aim of these upgrades is to accelerate the slowest processing steps for this LOFAR pipeline. The pipeline collector suite is open source and will be incorporated in future LOFAR pipelines to create a performance database for all LOFAR processing.

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Mapping low frequency carbon radio recombination lines towards Cassiopeia A at 340, 148, 54 and 43 MHz

Quantitative understanding of the interstellar medium requires knowledge of its physical conditions. Low frequency carbon radio recombination lines (CRRLs) trace cold interstellar gas, and can be used to determine its physical conditions (e.g., electron temperature and density). In this work we present spatially resolved observations of the low frequency ($\leq390$ MHz) CRRLs centered around C$268α$, C$357α$, C$494α$ and C$539α$ towards Cassiopeia A on scales of $\leq1.2$ pc. We compare the spatial distribution of CRRLs with other ISM tracers. This comparison reveals a spatial offset between the peak of the CRRLs and other tracers, which is very characteristic for photodissociation regions and that we take as evidence for CRRLs being preferentially detected from the surfaces of molecular clouds. Using the CRRLs we constrain the gas electron temperature and density. These constraints on the gas conditions suggest variations of less than a factor of two in pressure over $\sim1$ pc scales, and an average hydrogen density of $200$-$470$ cm$^{-3}$. From the electron temperature and density maps we also constrain the ionized carbon emission measure, column density and path length. Based on these, the hydrogen column density is larger than $10^{22}$ cm$^{-2}$, with a peak of $\sim4\times10^{22}$ cm$^{-2}$ towards the South of Cassiopeia A. Towards the southern peak the line of sight length is $\sim40$ pc over a $\sim2$ pc wide structure, which implies that the gas is a thin surface layer on a large (molecular) cloud that is only partially intersected by Cassiopeia A. These observations highlight the utility of CRRLs as tracers of low density extended HI and CO-dark gas halo's around molecular clouds.

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Suzaku and Chandra observations of the galaxy cluster RXC J1053.7+5453 with a radio relic

We present the results of Suzaku and Chandra observations of the galaxy cluster RXC J1053.7+5453 ($z=0.0704$), which contains a radio relic. The radio relic is located at the distance of $\sim 540$ kpc from the X-ray peak toward the west. We measured the temperature of this cluster for the first time. The resultant temperature in the center is $ \sim 1.3$ keV, which is lower than the value expected from the X-ray luminosity - temperature and the velocity dispersion - temperature relation. Though we did not find a significant temperature jump at the outer edge of the relic, our results suggest that the temperature decreases outward across the relic. Assuming the existence of the shock at the relic, its Mach number becomes $M \simeq 1.4 $. A possible spatial variation of Mach number along the relic is suggested. Additionally, a sharp surface brightness edge is found at the distance of $\sim 160$ kpc from the X-ray peak toward the west in the Chandra image. We performed X-ray spectral and surface brightness analyses around the edge with Suzaku and Chandra data, respectively. The obtained surface brightness and temperature profiles suggest that this edge is not a shock but likely a cold front. Alternatively, it cannot be ruled out that thermal pressure is really discontinuous across the edge. In this case, if the pressure across the surface brightness edge is in equilibrium, other forms of pressure sources, such as cosmic-rays, are necessary. We searched for the non-thermal inverse Compton component in the relic region. Assuming the photon index $ Γ= 2.0$, the resultant upper limit of the flux is $1.9 \times 10^{-14} {\rm erg \ s^{-1} \ cm^{-2}}$ for $4.50 \times 10^{-3} {\rm \ deg^{2}}$ area in the 0.3-10 keV band, which implies that the lower limit of magnetic field strength becomes $ 0.7 {\rm \ μG}$.

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FR-II radio galaxies at low frequencies II: spectral ageing and source dynamics

In this paper, the second in a series investigating FR II radio galaxies at low frequencies, we use LOFAR and VLA observations between 117 and 456 MHz in addition to archival data to determine the dynamics and energetics of two radio galaxies, 3C452 and 3C223, through fitting of spectral ageing models on small spatial scales. We provide improved measurements for the physical extent of the two sources, including a previously unknown low surface brightness extension to the northern lobe of 3C223, and revised energetics based on these values. We find spectral ages of $77.05^{+9.22}_{-8.74}$ and $84.96^{+15.02}_{-13.83}$ Myr for 3C452 and 3C223 respectively suggesting a characteristic advance speed for the lobes of around one per cent the speed of light. For 3C452 we show that, even for a magnetic field strength not assumed to be in equipartition, a disparity of factor of approximately 2 exists between the spectral age and that determined from a dynamical standpoint. We confirm that the injection index of both sources (as derived from the lobe emission) remains steeper than classically assumed values even when considered on well resolved scales at low frequencies, but find an unexpected sharp discontinuity between the spectrum of the hotspots and the surrounding lobe emission. We suggest that this discrepancy is due to the absorption of hotspot emission and/or non-homogeneous and additional acceleration mechanisms and, as such, hotspots should not be used in the determination of the underlying initial electron energy distribution.

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The widest-frequency radio relic spectra: observations from 150 MHz to 30 GHz

Radio relics are patches of diffuse synchrotron radio emission that trace shock waves. Relics are thought to form when intra-cluster medium electrons are accelerated by cluster merger induced shock waves through the diffusive shock acceleration mechanism. In this paper, we present observations spanning 150 MHz to 30 GHz of the `Sausage' and `Toothbrush' relics from the Giant Metrewave and Westerbork telescopes, the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array, the Effelsberg telescope, the Arcminute Microkelvin Imager and Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy. We detect both relics at 30 GHz, where the previous highest frequency detection was at 16 GHz. The integrated radio spectra of both sources clearly steepen above 2 GHz, at the >6$σ$ significance level, supports the spectral steepening previously found in the `Sausage' and the Abell 2256 relic. Our results challenge the widely adopted simple formation mechanism of radio relics and suggest more complicated models have to be developed that, for example, involve re-acceleration of aged seed electrons.

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The rise and fall of star-formation in $\bf z\sim0.2$ merging galaxy clusters

CIZA J2242.8+5301 (`Sausage') and 1RXS J0603.3+4213 (`Toothbrush') are two low-redshift ($z\sim0.2$), massive ($\sim2\times10^{15}M_\odot$), post-core passage merging clusters, which host shock waves traced by diffuse radio emission. To study their star-formation properties, we uniformly survey the `Sausage' and `Toothbrush' clusters in broad and narrow band filters and select a sample of $201$ and $463$ line emitters, down to a rest-frame equivalent width ($13$Å). We robustly separate between H$α$ and higher redshift emitters using a combination of optical multi-band (B, g, V, r, i, z) and spectroscopic data. We build H$α$ luminosity functions for the entire cluster region, near the shock fronts, and away from the shock fronts and find striking differences between the two clusters. In the dynamically younger, $1$ Gyr old `Sausage' cluster we find numerous ($59$) H$α$ emitters above a star-formation rate (SFR) of $0.17$ M$_{\sun}$ yr$^{-1}$ surprisingly located in close proximity to the shock fronts, embedded in very hot intra-cluster medium plasma. The SFR density for the cluster population is at least at the level of typical galaxies at $z\sim2$. Down to the same star-formation rate, the possibly dynamically more evolved `Toothbrush' cluster has only $9$ H$α$ galaxies. The cluster H$α$ galaxies fall on the SFR-stellar mass relation $z\sim0.2$ for the field. However, the `Sausage' cluster has an H$α$ emitter density $>20$ times that of blank fields. If the shock passes through gas-rich cluster galaxies, the compressed gas could collapse into dense clouds and excite star-formation for a few $100$ Myr. This process ultimately leads to a rapid consumption of the molecular gas, accelerating the transformation of gas-rich field spirals into cluster S0s or ellipticals.

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Spectral age modelling of the `Sausage' cluster radio relic

CIZA J2242.8+5301 is a post-core passage, binary merging cluster that hosts a large, thin, arc-like radio relic, nicknamed the `Sausage', tracing a relatively strong shock front. We perform spatially-resolved spectral fitting to the available radio data for this radio relic, using a variety of spectral ageing models, with the aim of finding a consistent set of parameters for the shock and radio plasma. We determine an injection index of $0.77^{+0.03}_{-0.02}$ for the relic plasma, significantly steeper than was found before. Standard particle acceleration at the shock front implies a Mach number $M=2.90^{+0.10}_{-0.13}$, which now matches X-ray measurements. The shock advance speed is $v_\mathrm{shock}\approx2500$ km s$^{-1}$, which places the core passage of the two subclusters $0.6-0.8$ Gyr ago. We find a systematic spectral age increase from $0$ at the northern side of the relic up to $\sim60$ Myr at $\sim145$ kpc into the downstream area, assuming a $0.6$ nT magnetic field. Under the assumption of freely-ageing electrons after acceleration by the `Sausage' shock, the spectral ages are hard to reconcile with the shock speed derived from X-ray and radio observations. Re-acceleration or unusually efficient transport of particle in the downstream area and line-of-sight mixing could help explain the systematically low spectral ages.

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Spectral and morphological signatures of cluster merger shocks: CIZA J2242.8+5301

The CIZA J2242.8+5301 cluster hosts an extraordinary, narrow, Mpc-wide, diffuse patch of radio emission tracing travelling shock waves, called a relic. We perform a multi-wavelength of observations of the cluster. We discover radio spectral steepening and increasing spectral curvature in the shock downstream area, indicative of emission produced by spectrally-aged electrons, following a JP ageing model. The curved integrated spectrum towards $16$ GHz challenges the favoured relic formation model. Further, we find a boosting the number density of H$α$ emitters by a factor of $10$, possibly caused by interactions of the galaxies with the shock wave.

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The highest-frequency detection of a radio relic: 16-GHz AMI observations of the `Sausage' cluster

We observed the cluster CIZA J2242.8+5301 with the Arcminute Microkelvin Imager at $16$ GHz and present the first high radio-frequency detection of diffuse, non-thermal cluster emission. This cluster hosts a variety of bright, extended, steep-spectrum synchrotron-emitting radio sources, associated with the intra-cluster medium, called radio relics. Most notably, the northern, Mpc-wide, narrow relic provides strong evidence for diffusive shock acceleration in clusters. We detect a puzzling, flat-spectrum, diffuse extension of the southern relic, which is not visible in the lower radio-frequency maps. The northern radio relic is unequivocally detected and measures an integrated flux of $1.2\pm0.3$ mJy. While the low-frequency ($<2$ GHz) spectrum of the northern relic is well represented by a power-law, it clearly steepens towards $16$ GHz. This result is inconsistent with diffusive shock acceleration predictions of ageing plasma behind a uniform shock front. The steepening could be caused by an inhomogeneous medium with temperature/density gradients or by lower acceleration efficiencies of high energy electrons. Further modelling is necessary to explain the observed spectrum.

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The role of cluster mergers and travelling shocks in shaping the H$α$ luminosity function at $\bf z\sim0.2$: `sausage' and `toothbrush' clusters

The most extreme cluster mergers can lead to massive cluster-wide travelling shock waves. The CIZA J2242.8+5301 ('sausage') and 1RXS J0603.3+4213 (`toothbrush') clusters ($z\sim0.2$) host enormous radio-emitting shocks with simple geometry. We investigate the role of mergers and shocks in shaping the H$α$ luminosity function, using custom-made narrow-band filters matching the cluster redshifts mounted on the INT. We surveyed $\sim0.28$ deg$^2$ for each cluster and found $181$ line emitters in the `sausage' (volume of $3.371\times10^3$ Mpc$^3$ for H$α$ at $z=0.1945$) and $141$ in the `toothbrush' ($4.546\times10^3$ Mpc$^3$ for H$α$ at $z=0.225$), out of which $49$ (`sausage') and $30$ (`toothbrush') are expected to be H$α$. We build luminosity functions for the field-of-view down to an average limiting star formation rate of $0.14$ M$_{\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$, find good agreement with field luminosity functions at $z=0.2$, but significant differences between the shapes of the luminosity functions for the two clusters. We discover extended, tens-of-kpc-wide H$α$ haloes in galaxies neighbouring relics, which were possibly disrupted by the passage of the shock wave. By comparing the `sausage' cluster with blank fields and other clusters, we also uncover an order of magnitude boost (at $9σ$ level) in the normalisation $ϕ^*$ of the luminosity function in the relic areas. Our results suggest that cluster mergers may play an important role in the evolution of cluster galaxies through shock-induced star formation.

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