HII-CHI-mistry for active galactic nuclei: optical sulphur abundances without empirical ionisation correction factors
> The determination of sulphur abundances in active galactic nuclei (AGN) is uncertain because ionisation correction factors (ICFs) are commonly calibrated for HII regions. We extend the HII-CHI-mistry methodology to derive total S/H in AGN from optical emission lines through comparison with photoionisation models. Tests against Seyfert galaxies with direct-method ionic abundances favour models with alpha_ox=-1.2 and a 98% free-electron stopping criterion. While O/H agrees with previous determinations, HCm yields systematically larger S/H than direct-method analyses using classical ICFs, suggesting that these prescriptions underestimate higher sulphur ionisation stages in AGN. Applied to MaNGA Seyfert and LINER-like regions, the method reveals a common positive S/O-metallicity relation. Seyferts show slightly larger median S/O than star-forming regions at high O/H, while LINERs occupy an intermediate position. These differences become weaker when S/H rather than O/H is used as the metallicity tracer, although Seyferts still tend to populate the upper envelope. Sulphur may therefore provide a robust tracer of gas-phase metallicity, while the differences between Seyferts and LINERs may reflect differences in their ionisation conditions and ionising SEDs.