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I. Ribas

Publications and source records attributed to I. Ribas.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
arXiv2023

Refining the properties of the TOI-178 system with CHEOPS and TESS

The TOI-178 system consists of a nearby late K-dwarf transited by six planets in the super-Earth to mini-Neptune regime, with orbital periods between 1.9 and 20.7 days. All planets but the innermost one form a chain of Laplace resonances. Mass estimates derived from a preliminary radial velocity (RV) dataset suggest that the planetary densities do not decrease in a monotonic way with the orbital distance to the star, contrary to what one would expect based on simple formation and evolution models. To improve the characterisation of this key system and prepare for future studies (in particular with JWST), we perform a detailed photometric study based on 40 new CHEOPS visits, one new TESS sector, as well as previously published CHEOPS, TESS, and NGTS data. First we perform a global analysis of the 100 transits contained in our data to refine the transit parameters of the six planets and study their transit timing variations (TTVs). We then use our extensive dataset to place constraints on the radii and orbital periods of potential additional transiting planets in the system. Our analysis significantly refines the transit parameters of the six planets, most notably their radii, for which we now obtain relative precisions $\lesssim$3%, with the exception of the smallest planet $b$ for which the precision is 5.1%. Combined with the RV mass estimates, the measured TTVs allow us to constrain the eccentricities of planets $c$ to $g$, which are found to be all below 0.02, as expected from stability requirements. Taken alone, the TTVs also suggest a higher mass for planet $d$ than the one estimated from the RVs, which had been found to yield a surprisingly low density for this planet. However, the masses derived from the current TTV dataset are very prior-dependent and further observations, over a longer temporal baseline, are needed to deepen our understanding of this iconic planetary system.

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arXiv2023

CHEOPS and TESS view of the ultra-short period super-Earth TOI-561 b

Ultra-short period planets (USPs) are a unique class of super-Earths with an orbital period of less than a day and hence subject to intense radiation from their host star. While most of them are consistent with bare rocks, some show evidence of a heavyweight envelope, which could be a water layer or a secondary metal-rich atmosphere sustained by an outgassing surface. Much remains to be learned about the nature of USPs. The prime goal of the present work is to study the bulk planetary properties and atmosphere of TOI-561b, through the study of its transits and occultations. We obtained ultra-precise transit photometry of TOI-561b with CHEOPS and performed a joint analysis of this data with four TESS sectors. Our analysis of TOI-561b transit photometry put strong constraints on its properties, especially on its radius, Rp=1.42 +/- 0.02 R_Earth (at ~2% error). The internal structure modelling of the planet shows that the observations are consistent with negligible H/He atmosphere, however requiring other lighter materials, in addition to pure iron core and silicate mantle to explain the observed density. We find that this can be explained by the inclusion of a water layer in our model. We searched for variability in the measured Rp/R* over time to trace changes in the structure of the planetary envelope but none found within the data precision. In addition to the transit event, we tentatively detect occultation signal in the TESS data with an eclipse depth of ~27 +/- 11 ppm. Using the models of outgassed atmospheres from the literature we find that the thermal emission from the planet can mostly explain the observation. Based on this, we predict that NIR/MIR observations with JWST should be able to detect silicate species in the atmosphere of the planet. This could also reveal important clues about the planetary interior and help disentangle planet formation and evolution models.

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arXiv2023

The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. Behaviour of the Paschen lines during flares and quiescence

The hydrogen Paschen lines are known activity indicators, but studies of them in M~dwarfs during quiescence are as rare as their reports in flare studies. This situation is mostly caused by a lack of observations, owing to their location in the near-infrared regime, which is covered by few high-resolution spectrographs. We study the Pa$β$ line, using a sample of 360 M~dwarfs observed by the CARMENES spectrograph. Descending the spectral sequence of inactive M~stars in quiescence, we find the Pa$β$ line to get shallower until about spectral type M3.5 V, after which a slight re-deepening is observed. Looking at the whole sample, for stars with H$α$ in absorption, we find a loose anti-correlation between the (median) pseudo-equivalent widths (pEWs) of H$α$ and Pa$β$ for stars of similar effective temperature. Looking instead at time series of individual stars, we often find correlation between pEW(H$α$) and pEW(Pa$β$) for stars with H$α$ in emission and an anti-correlation for stars with H$α$ in absorption. Regarding flaring activity, we report the automatic detection of 35 Paschen line flares in 20 stars. Additionally we found visually six faint Paschen line flares in these stars plus 16 faint Paschen line flares in another 12 stars. In strong flares, Paschen lines can be observed up to Pa 14. Moreover, we find that Paschen line emission is almost always coupled to symmetric H$α$ line broadening, which we ascribe to Stark broadening, indicating high pressure in the chromosphere. Finally we report a few Pa$β$ line asymmetries for flares that also exhibit strong H$α$ line asymmetries.

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arXiv2023

Two super-Earths at the edge of the habitable zone of the nearby M dwarf TOI-2095

The main scientific goal of TESS is to find planets smaller than Neptune around stars that are bright enough to allow for further characterization studies. Given our current instrumentation and detection biases, M dwarfs are prime targets in the search for small planets that are in (or near) the habitable zone of their host star. In this work, we use photometric observations and CARMENES radial velocity measurements to validate a pair of transiting planet candidates found by TESS. The data were fitted simultaneously, using a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) procedure and taking into account the stellar variability present in the photometric and spectroscopic time series. We confirm the planetary origin of the two transiting candidates orbiting around TOI-2095 (LSPM J1902+7525). The star is a nearby M dwarf ($d = 41.90 \pm 0.03$ pc, $T_{\rm eff} = 3759 \pm 87$ K, $V = 12.6$ mag), with a stellar mass and radius of $M_\star = 0.44 \pm 0.02 \; M_\odot$ and $R_\star = 0.44 \pm 0.02 \; R_\odot$, respectively. The planetary system is composed of two transiting planets: TOI-2095b, with an orbital period of $P_b = 17.66484 \pm (7\times 10^{-5})$ days, and TOI-2095c, with $P_c = 28.17232 \pm (14\times 10^{-5})$ days. Both planets have similar sizes with $R_b = 1.25 \pm 0.07 \; R_\oplus$ and $R_c = 1.33 \pm 0.08 \; R_\oplus$ for planet b and planet c, respectively. Although we did not detect the induced RV variations of any planet with significance, our CARMENES data allow us to set stringent upper limits on the masses of these objects. We find $M_b < 4.1 \; M_\oplus$ for the inner and $M_c < 7.4 \; M_\oplus$ for the outer planet (95% confidence level). These two planets present equilibrium temperatures in the range of 300-350 K and are close to the inner edge of the habitable zone of their star.

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arXiv2023

Confirmation of an He I evaporating atmosphere around the 650-Myr-old sub-Neptune HD235088 b (TOI-1430 b) with CARMENES

HD235088 (TOI-1430) is a young star known to host a sub-Neptune-sized planet candidate. We validated the planetary nature of HD235088 b with multiband photometry, refined its planetary parameters, and obtained a new age estimate of the host star, placing it at 600-800 Myr. Previous spectroscopic observations of a single transit detected an excess absorption of He I coincident in time with the planet candidate transit. Here, we confirm the presence of He I in the atmosphere of HD235088 b with one transit observed with CARMENES. We also detected hints of variability in the strength of the helium signal, with an absorption of $-$0.91$\pm$0.11%, which is slightly deeper (2$σ$) than the previous measurement. Furthermore, we simulated the He I signal with a spherically symmetric 1D hydrodynamic model, finding that the upper atmosphere of HD235088 b escapes hydrodynamically with a significant mass loss rate of (1.5-5) $\times$10$^{10}$g s$^{-1}$, in a relatively cold outflow, with $T$=3125$\pm$375 K, in the photon-limited escape regime. HD235088 b ($R_{p}$ = 2.045$\pm$0.075 R$_{\oplus}$) is the smallest planet found to date with a solid atmospheric detection - not just of He I but any other atom or molecule. This positions it a benchmark planet for further analyses of evolving young sub-Neptune atmospheres.

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arXiv2023

Investigating the visible phase-curve variability of 55 Cnc e

55 Cnc e is an ultra-short period super-Earth transiting a Sun-like star. Previous observations in the optical range detected a time-variable flux modulation that is phased with the planetary orbital period, whose amplitude is too large to be explained by reflected light and thermal emission alone. The goal of the study is to investigate the origin of the variability and timescale of the phase-curve modulation in 55 Cnc e. To this end, we used the CHaracterising ExOPlanet Satellite (CHEOPS), whose exquisite photometric precision provides an opportunity to characterise minute changes in the phase curve from one orbit to the next. CHEOPS observed 29 individual visits of 55 Cnc e between March 2020 and February 2022. Based on these observations, we investigated the different processes that could be at the origin of the observed modulation. In particular, we built a toy model to assess whether a circumstellar torus of dust driven by radiation pressure and gravity might match the observed flux variability timescale. We find that the phase-curve amplitude and peak offset of 55 Cnc e do vary between visits. The sublimation timescales of selected dust species reveal that silicates expected in an Earth-like mantle would not survive long enough to explain the observed phase-curve modulation. We find that silicon carbide, quartz, and graphite are plausible candidates for the circumstellar torus composition because their sublimation timescales are long. The extensive CHEOPS observations confirm that the phase-curve amplitude and offset vary in time.We find that dust could provide the grey opacity source required to match the observations. However, the data at hand do not provide evidence that circumstellar material with a variable grain mass per unit area causes the observed variability. Future observations with the James Webb Space Telescope promise exciting insights into this iconic super-Earth.

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arXiv2023

Two sub-Neptunes around the M dwarf TOI-1470

Aims. A transiting planet candidate with a sub-Neptune radius orbiting the nearby ($d$ = 51.9$\pm$0.07 pc) M1.5 V star TOI-1470 with a period of $\sim$2.5 d was announced by the NASA Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), which observed the field of TOI-1470 in four different sectors. We aim to validate its planetary nature using precise radial velocities (RVs) taken with the CARMENES spectrograph. Methods. We obtained 44 RV measurements with CARMENES spanning eight months between 3 June 2020 and 17 January 2021. For a better characterization of the parent star activity, we also collected contemporaneous optical photometric observations at the Joan Oró and Sierra Nevada Observatories, and we retrieved archival photometry from the literature. We used ground-based photometric observations from MuSCAT and also from MuSCAT2 and MuSCAT3 to confirm the planetary transit signals. We performed a combined photometric and spectroscopic analysis by including Gaussian processes and Keplerian orbits to simultaneously account for the stellar activity and planetary signals. Results. We estimate that TOI-1470 has a rotation period of 29$\pm$3 d based on photometric and spectroscopic data. The combined analysis confirms the discovery of the announced transiting planet, TOI-1470 b, with an orbital period of 2.527093$\pm$0.000003 d, a mass of $7.32^{+1.21}_{-1.24}$ M$_{\oplus}$, and a radius of $2.18^{+0.04}_{-0.04}$ R$_{\oplus}$. We also discover a second transiting planet that was not announced previously by TESS, TOI-1470 c, with an orbital period of 18.08816$\pm$0.00006 d, a mass of $7.24^{+2.87}_{-2.77}$ M$_{\oplus}$, and a radius of $2.47^{+0.02}_{-0.02}$ R$_{\oplus}$. The two planets are placed on the same side of the radius valley of M dwarfs and lie between TOI-1470 and the inner border of its habitable zone.

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arXiv2023

TOI-5678 b: A 48-day transiting Neptune-mass planet characterized with CHEOPS and HARPS

A large sample of long-period giant planets has been discovered thanks to long-term radial velocity surveys, but only a few dozen of these planets have a precise radius measurement. Transiting gas giants are crucial targets for the study of atmospheric composition across a wide range of equilibrium temperatures and for shedding light on the formation and evolution of planetary systems. Indeed, compared to hot Jupiters, the atmospheric properties and orbital parameters of cooler gas giants are unaltered by intense stellar irradiation and tidal effects. We identify long-period planets in the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) data as duo-transit events. To solve the orbital periods of TESS duo-transit candidates, we use the CHaracterising ExOPlanet Satellite (CHEOPS) to observe the highest-probability period aliases in order to discard or confirm a transit event at a given period. We also collect spectroscopic observations with CORALIE and HARPS in order to confirm the planetary nature and measure the mass of the candidates. We report the discovery of a warm transiting Neptune-mass planet orbiting TOI-5678. After four non-detections corresponding to possible periods, CHEOPS detected a transit event matching a unique period alias. Joint modeling reveals that TOI-5678 hosts a 47.73 day period planet. TOI-5678 b has a mass of 20 (+-4) Me and a radius of 4.91 (+-0.08 Re) . Using interior structure modeling, we find that TOI-5678 b is composed of a low-mass core surrounded by a large H/He layer with a mass of 3.2 (+1.7, -1.3) Me. TOI-5678 b is part of a growing sample of well-characterized transiting gas giants receiving moderate amounts of stellar insolation (11 Se). Precise density measurement gives us insight into their interior composition, and the objects orbiting bright stars are suitable targets to study the atmospheric composition of cooler gas giants.

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arXiv2023

Refined parameters of the HD 22946 planetary system and the true orbital period of planet d

Multi-planet systems are important sources of information regarding the evolution of planets. However, the long-period planets in these systems often escape detection. HD 22946 is a bright star around which 3 transiting planets were identified via TESS photometry, but the true orbital period of the outermost planet d was unknown until now. We aim to use CHEOPS to uncover the true orbital period of HD 22946d and to refine the orbital and planetary properties of the system, especially the radii of the planets. We used the available TESS photometry of HD 22946 and observed several transits of the planets b, c, and d using CHEOPS. We identified 2 transits of planet d in the TESS photometry, calculated the most probable period aliases based on these data, and then scheduled CHEOPS observations. The photometric data were supplemented with ESPRESSO radial velocity data. Finally, a combined model was fitted to the entire dataset. We successfully determined the true orbital period of the planet d to be 47.42489 $\pm$ 0.00011 d, and derived precise radii of the planets in the system, namely 1.362 $\pm$ 0.040 R$_\oplus$, 2.328 $\pm$ 0.039 R$_\oplus$, and 2.607 $\pm$ 0.060 R$_\oplus$ for planets b, c, and d, respectively. Due to the low number of radial velocities, we were only able to determine 3$σ$ upper limits for these respective planet masses, which are 13.71 M$_\oplus$, 9.72 M$_\oplus$, and 26.57 M$_\oplus$. We estimated that another 48 ESPRESSO radial velocities are needed to measure the predicted masses of all planets in HD 22946. Planet c appears to be a promising target for future atmospheric characterisation. We can also conclude that planet d, as a warm sub-Neptune, is very interesting because there are only a few similar confirmed exoplanets to date. Such objects are worth investigating in the near future, for example in terms of their composition and internal structure.

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arXiv2023

The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. A sub-Neptunian mass planet in the habitable zone of HN Lib

We report the discovery of HN Lib b, a sub-Neptunian mass planet orbiting the nearby ($d \approx$ = 6.25 pc) M4.0 V star HN Lib detected by our CARMENES radial-velocity (RV) survey. We determined a planetary minimum mass of $M_\text{b}\sin i = $ 5.46 $\pm$ 0.75 $\text{M}_\oplus$ and an orbital period of $P_\text{b} = $ 36.116 $\pm$ 0.029 d, using $\sim$5 yr of CARMENES data, as well as archival RVs from HARPS and HIRES spanning more than 13 years. The flux received by the planet equals half the instellation on Earth, which places it in the middle of the conservative habitable zone (HZ) of its host star. The RV data show evidence for another planet candidate with $M_\text{[c]}\sin i = $ 9.7 $\pm$ 1.9 $\text{M}_\oplus$ and $P_\text{[c]} = $ 113.46 $\pm$ 0.20 d. The long-term stability of the signal and the fact that the best model for our data is a two-planet model with an independent activity component stand as strong arguments for establishing a planetary origin. However, we cannot rule out stellar activity due to its proximity to the rotation period of HN Lib, which we measured using CARMENES activity indicators and photometric data from a ground-based multi-site campaign as well as archival data. The discovery adds HN Lib b to the shortlist of super-Earth planets in the habitable zone of M dwarfs, but HN Lib [c] probably cannot be inhabited because, if confirmed, it would most likely be an icy giant.

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arXiv2023

Characterisation of the upper atmospheres of HAT-P-32 b, WASP-69 b, GJ 1214 b, and WASP-76 b through their He I triplet absorption

Characterisation of atmospheres undergoing photo-evaporation is key to understanding the formation, evolution, and diversity of planets. However, only a few upper atmospheres that experience this kind of hydrodynamic escape have been characterised. Our aim is to characterise the upper atmospheres of the hot Jupiters HAT-P-32 b and WASP-69 b, the warm sub-Neptune GJ 1214 b, and the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-76 b through high-resolution observations of their HeI triplet absorption. In addition, we also reanalyse the warm Neptune GJ 3470 b and the hot Jupiter HD 189733 b. We used a spherically symmetric 1D hydrodynamic model coupled with a non-local thermodynamic equilibrium model. Comparing synthetic absorption spectra with observations, we constrained the main parameters of the upper atmosphere of these planets and classify them according to their hydrodynamic regime. Our results show that HAT-P-32 b photo-evaporates at (130$\pm$70)$\times$10$^{11}$ gs$^{-1}$ with a hot (12 400$\pm$2900 K) upper atmosphere; WASP-69 b loses its atmosphere at (0.9$\pm$0.5)$\times$10$^{11}$ gs$^{-1}$ and 5250$\pm$750 K; and GJ 1214 b, with a relatively cold outflow of 3750$\pm$750 K, photo-evaporates at (1.3$\pm$1.1)$\times$10$^{11}$ gs$^{-1}$. For WASP-76 b, its weak absorption prevents us from constraining its temperature and mass-loss rate significantly; we obtained ranges of 6000-17 000\,K and 23.5$\pm$21.5$\times$10$^{11}$ gs$^{-1}$. Our reanalysis of GJ 3470 b yields colder temperatures, 3400$\pm$350 K, but practically the same mass-loss rate as in our previous results. Our reanalysis of HD 189733 b yields a slightly higher mass-loss rate, (1.4$\pm$0.5)$\times$10$^{11}$ gs$^{-1}$, and temperature, 12 700$\pm$900 K compared to previous estimates. Our results support that photo-evaporated outflows tend to be very light.

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arXiv2023

The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs -- A deep transfer learning method to determine Teff and [M/H] of target stars

The large amounts of astrophysical data being provided by existing and future instrumentation require efficient and fast analysis tools. Transfer learning is a new technique promising higher accuracy in the derived data products, with information from one domain being transferred to improve the accuracy of a neural network model in another domain. In this work, we demonstrate the feasibility of applying the deep transfer learning (DTL) approach to high-resolution spectra in the framework of photospheric stellar parameter determination. To this end, we used 14 stars of the CARMENES survey sample with interferometric angular diameters to calculate the effective temperature, as well as six M dwarfs that are common proper motion companions to FGK-type primaries with known metallicity. After training a deep learning (DL) neural network model on synthetic PHOENIX-ACES spectra, we used the internal feature representations together with those 14+6 stars with independent parameter measurements as a new input for the transfer process. We compare the derived stellar parameters of a small sample of M dwarfs kept out of the training phase with results from other methods in the literature. Assuming that temperatures from bolometric luminosities and interferometric radii and metallicities from FGK+M binaries are sufficiently accurate, DTL provides a higher accuracy than our previous state-of-the-art DL method (mean absolute differences improve by 20 K for temperature and 0.2 dex for metallicity from DL to DTL when compared with reference values from interferometry and FGK+M binaries). Furthermore, the machine learning (internal) precision of DTL also improves as uncertainties are five times smaller on average. These results indicate that DTL is a robust tool for obtaining M-dwarf stellar parameters comparable to those obtained from independent estimations for well-known stars.

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arXiv2023

A new dynamical modeling of the WASP-47 system with CHEOPS observations

Among the hundreds of known hot Jupiters (HJs), only five have been found to have companions on short-period orbits. Within this rare class of multiple planetary systems, the architecture of WASP-47 is unique, hosting an HJ (planet -b) with both an inner and an outer sub-Neptunian mass companion (-e and -d, respectively) as well as an additional non-transiting, long-period giant (-c). The small period ratio between planets -b and -d boosts the transit time variation (TTV) signal, making it possible to reliably measure the masses of these planets in synergy with the radial velocity (RV) technique. In this paper, we present new space- and ground-based photometric data of WASP-47b and WASP-47-d, including 11 unpublished light curves from the ESA mission CHEOPS. We analyzed the light curves in a homogeneous way together with all the publicly available data to carry out a global $N$-body dynamical modeling of the TTV and RV signals. We retrieved, among other parameters, a mass and density for planet -d of $M_\mathrm{d}=15.5\pm 0.8$ $M_\oplus$ and $ρ_\mathrm{d}=1.69\pm 0.22$ g\,cm$^{-3}$, which is in good agreement with the literature and consistent with a Neptune-like composition. For the inner planet (-e), we found a mass and density of $M_\mathrm{e}=9.0\pm 0.5$ $M_\oplus$ and $ρ_\mathrm{e}=8.1\pm 0.5$ g\,cm$^{-3}$, suggesting an Earth-like composition close to other ultra-hot planets at similar irradiation levels. Though this result is in agreement with previous RV+TTV studies, it is not in agreement with the most recent RV analysis (at 2.8$σ$), which yielded a lower density compatible with a pure silicate composition. This discrepancy highlights the still unresolved issue of suspected systematic offsets between RV and TTV measurements. In this paper, we also significantly improve the orbital ephemerides of all transiting planets, which will be crucial for any future follow-up.

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arXiv2023

The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. Guaranteed time observations Data Release 1 (2016-2020)

The CARMENES instrument was conceived to deliver high-accuracy radial velocity (RV) measurements with long-term stability to search for temperate rocky planets around a sample of nearby cool stars. The broad wavelength coverage was designed to provide a range of stellar activity indicators to assess the nature of potential RV signals and to provide valuable spectral information to help characterise the stellar targets. The CARMENES Data Release 1 (DR1) makes public all observations obtained during the CARMENES guaranteed time observations, which ran from 2016 to 2020 and collected 19,633 spectra for a sample of 362 targets. The CARMENES survey target selection was aimed at minimising biases, and about 70% of all known M dwarfs within 10 pc and accessible from Calar Alto were included. The data were pipeline-processed, and high-level data products, including 18,642 precise RVs for 345 targets, were derived. Time series data of spectroscopic activity indicators were also obtained. We discuss the characteristics of the CARMENES data, the statistical properties of the stellar sample, and the spectroscopic measurements. We show examples of the use of CARMENES data and provide a contextual view of the exoplanet population revealed by the survey, including 33 new planets, 17 re-analysed planets, and 26 confirmed planets from transiting candidate follow-up. A subsample of 238 targets was used to derive updated planet occurrence rates, yielding an overall average of 1.44+/-0.20 planets with 1 M_Earth < M sin i < 1000 M_Earth and 1 d < P_orb < 1000 d per star, and indicating that nearly every M dwarf hosts at least one planet. CARMENES data have proven very useful for identifying and measuring planetary companions as well as for additional applications, such as the determination of stellar properties, the characterisation of stellar activity, and the study of exoplanet atmospheres.

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arXiv2023

TOI-1055 b: Neptunian planet characterised with HARPS, TESS, and CHEOPS

TOI-1055 is a Sun-like star known to host a transiting Neptune-sized planet on a 17.5-day orbit (TOI-1055 b). Radial velocity (RV) analyses carried out by two independent groups using nearly the same set of HARPS spectra have provided measurements of planetary masses that differ by $\sim$ 2$σ$. Our aim in this work is to solve the inconsistency in the published planetary masses by significantly extending the set of HARPS RV measurements and employing a new analysis tool that is able to account and correct for stellar activity. Our further aim was to improve the precision on measurements of the planetary radius by observing two transits of the planet with the CHEOPS space telescope. We fit a skew normal (SN) function to each cross correlation function extracted from the HARPS spectra to obtain RV measurements and hyperparameters to be used for the detrending. We evaluated the correlation changes of the hyperparameters along the RV time series using the breakpoint technique. We performed a joint photometric and RV analysis using a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) scheme to simultaneously detrend the light curves and the RV time series. We firmly detected the Keplerian signal of TOI-1055 b, deriving a planetary mass of $M_b=20.4_{-2.5}^{+2.6} M_{\oplus}$ ($\sim$12%). This value is in agreement with one of the two estimates in the literature, but it is significantly more precise. Thanks to the TESS transit light curves combined with exquisite CHEOPS photometry, we also derived a planetary radius of $R_b=3.490_{-0.064}^{+0.070} R_{\oplus}$ ($\sim$1.9%). Our mass and radius measurements imply a mean density of $ρ_b=2.65_{-0.35}^{+0.37}$ g cm$^{-3}$ ($\sim$14%). We further inferred the planetary structure and found that TOI-1055 b is very likely to host a substantial gas envelope with a mass of $0.41^{+0.34}_{-0.20}$ M$_\oplus$ and a thickness of $1.05^{+0.30}_{-0.29}$ R$_\oplus$.

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arXiv2023

The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. Line-by-line sensitivity to activity in M dwarfs

Radial velocities (RVs) measured from high-resolution stellar spectra are routinely used to detect and characterise orbiting exoplanet companions. The different lines present in stellar spectra are created by several species, which are non-uniformly affected by stellar variability features such as spots or faculae. Stellar variability distorts the shape of the spectral absorption lines from which precise RVs are measured, posing one of the main problems in the study of exoplanets. In this work we aim to study how the spectral lines present in M dwarfs are independently impacted by stellar activity. We used CARMENES optical spectra of six active early- and mid-type M dwarfs to compute line-by-line RVs and study their correlation with several well-studied proxies of stellar activity. We are able to classify spectral lines based on their sensitivity to activity in five M dwarfs displaying high levels of stellar activity. We further used this line classification to compute RVs with activity-sensitive lines and less sensitive lines, enhancing or mitigating stellar activity effects in the RV time series. For specific sets of the least activity-sensitive lines, the RV scatter decreases by ~ 2 to 5 times the initial one, depending on the star. Finally, we compare these lines in the different stars analysed, finding the sensitivity to activity to vary from star to star. Despite the high density of lines and blends present in M dwarf stellar spectra, we find that a line-by-line approach is able to deliver precise RVs. Line-by-line RVs are also sensitive to stellar activity effects, and they allow for an accurate selection of activity-insensitive lines to mitigate activity effects in RV. However, we find stellar activity effects to vary in the same insensitive lines from star to star.

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arXiv2023

Glancing through the debris disk: Photometric analysis of DE Boo with CHEOPS

DE Boo is a unique system, with an edge-on view through the debris disk around the star. The disk, which is analogous to the Kuiper belt in the Solar System, was reported to extend from 74 to 84 AU from the central star. The high photometric precision of the Characterising Exoplanet Satellite (CHEOPS) provided an exceptional opportunity to observe small variations in the light curve due to transiting material in the disk. This is a unique chance to investigate processes in the debris disk. Photometric observations of DE Boo of a total of four days were carried out with CHEOPS. Photometric variations due to spots on the stellar surface were subtracted from the light curves by applying a two-spot model and a fourth-order polynomial. The photometric observations were accompanied by spectroscopic measurements with the 1m RCC telescope at Piszkéstető and with the SOPHIE spectrograph in order to refine the astrophysical parameters of DE Boo. We present a detailed analysis of the photometric observation of DE Boo. We report the presence of nonperiodic transient features in the residual light curves with a transit duration of 0.3-0.8 days. We calculated the maximum distance of the material responsible for these variations to be 2.47 AU from the central star, much closer than most of the mass of the debris disk. Furthermore, we report the first observation of flaring events in this system. We interpreted the transient features as the result of scattering in an inner debris disk around DE Boo. The processes responsible for these variations were investigated in the context of interactions between planetesimals in the system.

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arXiv2023

A full transit of $ν^2$ Lupi d and the search for an exomoon in its Hill sphere with CHEOPS

The planetary system around the naked-eye star $ν^2$ Lupi (HD 136352; TOI-2011) is composed of three exoplanets with masses of 4.7, 11.2, and 8.6 Earth masses. The TESS and CHEOPS missions revealed that all three planets are transiting and have radii straddling the radius gap separating volatile-rich and volatile-poor super-earths. Only a partial transit of planet d had been covered so we re-observed an inferior conjunction of the long-period 8.6 Earth-mass exoplanet $ν^2$ Lup d with the CHEOPS space telescope. We confirmed its transiting nature by covering its whole 9.1 h transit for the first time. We refined the planet transit ephemeris to P = 107.1361 (+0.0019/-0.0022) days and Tc = 2,459,009.7759 (+0.0101/-0.0096) BJD_TDB, improving by ~40 times on the previously reported transit timing uncertainty. This refined ephemeris will enable further follow-up of this outstanding long-period transiting planet to search for atmospheric signatures or explore the planet's Hill sphere in search for an exomoon. In fact, the CHEOPS observations also cover the transit of a large fraction of the planet's Hill sphere, which is as large as the Earth's, opening the tantalising possibility of catching transiting exomoons. We conducted a search for exomoon signals in this single-epoch light curve but found no conclusive photometric signature of additional transiting bodies larger than Mars. Yet, only a sustained follow-up of $ν^2$ Lup d transits will warrant a comprehensive search for a moon around this outstanding exoplanet.

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