Robust cavity metrology beyond the limits of Pound-Drever-Hall
Precise measurement of the resonance frequencies of microwave and optical cavities is a foundational capability across quantum technologies. One of the highest-performance methods currently available is Pound-Drever-Hall (PDH) spectroscopy, which relies on a three-tone interrogation and eliminates sensitivity to path-length fluctuations. However, PDH is known to suffer from systematic offsets due to residual amplitude modulation and demodulation-phase errors. Here we leverage an optimal linear combination of the phases of the three interrogation tones to implement a method for robust cavity metrology which eliminates significant systematic-error sensitivities of PDH. We experimentally demonstrate robust cavity measurements in both the optical and microwave frequency regime, showing insensitivity to sideband imbalance and demodulation phase, as well as demonstrating single-shot readout of a cavity-coupled superconducting qubit.