arXiv subjects

Igor Razgon

Publications and source records attributed to Igor Razgon.

35 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

arXiv2016

Two types of branching programs with bounded repetition that cannot efficiently compute monotone 3-CNFs

It is known that there are classes of 2-CNFs requiring exponential size non-deterministic read-once branching programs to compute them. However, to the best of our knowledge, there are no superpolynomial lower bounds for branching programs of a higher repetition computing a class of 2-CNFs. This work is an attempt to make a progress in this direction. We consider a class of monotone 3-CNFs that are almost 2-CNFs in the sense that in each clause there is a literal occurring in this clause only. We prove exponential lower bounds for two classes of non-deterministic branching programs. The first class significantly generalizes monotone read-$k$-times {\sc nbp}s and the second class generalizes oblivious read $k$ times branching programs. The lower bounds remain exponential for $k \leq \log n/a$ where $a$ is a sufficiently large constant.

cs.CC↗

arXiv2016

Non-deterministic branching programs with logarithmic repetition cannot efficiently compute small monotone CNFs

In this paper we establish an exponential lower bound on the size of syntactic non-deterministic read $d$-times branching programs for $d \leq \log n /10^5$ computing a class of monotone CNFs with a linear number of clauses. This result provides the first separation of classes NP and co-NP for syntactic branching programs with a logarithmic repetition and the first separation of syntactic non-deterministic branching programs with a logarithmic repetition from small monotone CNFs.

cs.CC↗

arXiv2015

On oblivious branching programs with bounded repetition that cannot efficiently compute CNFs of bounded treewidth

In this paper we study complexity of an extension of ordered binary decision diagrams (OBDDs) called $c$-OBDDs on CNFs of bounded (primal graph) treewidth. In particular, we show that for each $k$ there is a class of CNFs of treewidth $k \geq 3$ for which the equivalent $c$-OBDDs are of size $Ω(n^{k/(8c-4)})$. Moreover, this lower bound holds if $c$-OBDD is non-deterministic and semantic. Our second result uses the above lower bound to separate the above model from sentential decision diagrams (SDDs). In order to obtain the lower bound, we use a structural graph parameter called matching width. Our third result shows that matching width and pathwidth are linearly related.

cs.CC↗

arXiv2015

Graphs without large bicliques and well-quasi-orderability by the induced subgraph relation

Recently, Daligault, Rao and Thomassé asked in [3] if every hereditary class which is well-quasi-ordered by the induced subgraph relation is of bounded clique-width. There are two reasons why this questions is interesting. First, it connects two seemingly unrelated notions. Second, if the question is answered affirmatively, this will have a strong algorithmic consequence. In particular, this will mean (through the use of Courcelle theorem [2]), that any problem definable in Monadic Second Order Logic can be solved in a polynomial time on any class well-quasi-ordered by the induced subgraph relation. In the present paper, we answer this question affirmatively for graphs without large bicliques. Thus the above algorithmic consequence is true, for example, for classes of graphs of bounded degree.

math.CO↗

arXiv2015

On the read-once property of branching programs and CNFs of bounded treewidth

In this paper we prove a space lower bound of $n^{Ω(k)}$ for non-deterministic (syntactic) read-once branching programs ({\sc nrobp}s) on functions expressible as {\sc cnf}s with treewidth at most $k$ of their primal graphs. This lower bound rules out the possibility of fixed-parameter space complexity of {\sc nrobp}s parameterized by $k$. We use lower bound for {\sc nrobp}s to obtain a quasi-polynomial separation between Free Binary Decision Diagrams and Decision Decomposable Negation Normal Forms, essentially matching the existing upper bound introduced by Beame et al. and thus proving the tightness of the latter.

cs.CC↗

arXiv2015

Well-quasi-ordering does not imply bounded clique-width

We present a hereditary class of graphs of unbounded clique-width which is well-quasi-ordered by the induced subgraph relation. This result provides a negative answer to the question asked by Daligault, Rao and Thomassé in ("Well-quasi-order of relabel functions", Order, 27(3):301--315, 2010).

cs.DM↗

arXiv2014

On OBDDs for CNFs of bounded treewidth

In this paper we show that a CNF cannot be compiled into an Ordered Binary Decision Diagram (OBDD) of fixed-parameter size parameterized by the primal graph treewidth of the CNF. Thus we provide a parameterized separation between OBDDs and Sentential Decision Diagrams (SDDs) for which such fixed-parameter compilation is possible. In fact, we demonstrate that the proposed lower bound also yields a classical (non-parameterized) separation of OBDDs and SDDs. We also show that the best existing parameterized upper bound for OBDDs in fact holds for incidence graph treewidth parameterization.

cs.LO↗

arXiv2014

No small nondeterministic read-once branching programs for CNFs of bounded treewidth

In this paper, given a parameter $k$, we demonstrate an infinite class of {\sc cnf}s of treewidth at most $k$ of their primary graphs such that the equivalent nondeterministic read-once branching programs ({\sc nrobp}s) are of size at least $n^{ck}$ for some universal constant $c$. Thus we rule out the possibility of fixed-parameter space complexity of {\sc nrobp}s parameterized by the smallest treewidth of the equivalent {\sc cnf}.

cs.CC↗

arXiv2014

Soft Constraints of Difference and Equality

In many combinatorial problems one may need to model the diversity or similarity of assignments in a solution. For example, one may wish to maximise or minimise the number of distinct values in a solution. To formulate problems of this type, we can use soft variants of the well known AllDifferent and AllEqual constraints. We present a taxonomy of six soft global constraints, generated by combining the two latter ones and the two standard cost functions, which are either maximised or minimised. We characterise the complexity of achieving arc and bounds consistency on these constraints, resolving those cases for which NP-hardness was neither proven nor disproven. In particular, we explore in depth the constraint ensuring that at least k pairs of variables have a common value. We show that achieving arc consistency is NP-hard, however achieving bounds consistency can be done in polynomial time through dynamic programming. Moreover, we show that the maximum number of pairs of equal variables can be approximated by a factor 1/2 with a linear time greedy algorithm. Finally, we provide a fixed parameter tractable algorithm with respect to the number of values appearing in more than two distinct domains. Interestingly, this taxonomy shows that enforcing equality is harder than enforcing difference.

cs.AI↗

arXiv2013

Fixed-parameter tractability of multicut parameterized by the size of the cutset

Given an undirected graph $G$, a collection $\{(s_1,t_1),..., (s_k,t_k)\}$ of pairs of vertices, and an integer $p$, the Edge Multicut problem ask if there is a set $S$ of at most $p$ edges such that the removal of $S$ disconnects every $s_i$ from the corresponding $t_i$. Vertex Multicut is the analogous problem where $S$ is a set of at most $p$ vertices. Our main result is that both problems can be solved in time $2^{O(p^3)}... n^{O(1)}$, i.e., fixed-parameter tractable parameterized by the size $p$ of the cutset in the solution. By contrast, it is unlikely that an algorithm with running time of the form $f(p)... n^{O(1)}$ exists for the directed version of the problem, as we show it to be W[1]-hard parameterized by the size of the cutset.

cs.DS↗

arXiv2013

Cliquewidth and Knowledge Compilation

In this paper we study the role of cliquewidth in succinct representation of Boolean functions. Our main statement is the following: Let $Z$ be a Boolean circuit having cliquewidth $k$. Then there is another circuit $Z^*$ computing the same function as $Z$ having treewidth at most $18k+2$ and which has at most $4|Z|$ gates where $|Z|$ is the number of gates of $Z$. In this sense, cliquewidth is not more `powerful' than treewidth for the purpose of representation of Boolean functions. We believe this is quite a surprising fact because it contrasts the situation with graphs where an upper bound on the treewidth implies an upper bound on the cliquewidth but not vice versa. We demonstrate the usefulness of the new theorem for knowledge compilation. In particular, we show that a circuit $Z$ of cliquewidth $k$ can be compiled into a Decomposable Negation Normal Form ({\sc dnnf}) of size $O(9^{18k}k^2|Z|)$ and the same runtime. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first result on efficient knowledge compilation parameterized by cliquewidth of a Boolean circuit.

cs.LO↗

arXiv2011

Finding small separators in linear time via treewidth reduction

We present a method for reducing the treewidth of a graph while preserving all of its minimal $s-t$ separators up to a certain fixed size $k$. This technique allows us to solve $s-t$ Cut and Multicut problems with various additional restrictions (e.g., the vertices being removed from the graph form an independent set or induce a connected graph) in linear time for every fixed number $k$ of removed vertices. Our results have applications for problems that are not directly defined by separators, but the known solution methods depend on some variant of separation. for example, we can solve similarly restricted generalizations of Bipartization (delete at most $k$ vertices from $G$ to make it bipartite) in almost linear time for every fixed number $k$ of removed vertices. These results answer a number of open questions in the area of parameterized complexity. Furthermore, our technique turns out to be relevant for $(H,C,K)$- and $(H,C,\le K)$-coloring problems as well, which are cardinality constrained variants of the classical $H$-coloring problem. We make progress in the classification of the parameterized complexity of these problems by identifying new cases that can be solved in almost linear time for every fixed cardinality bound.

cs.DS↗

arXiv2011

Large Isolating Cuts Shrink the Multiway Cut

We propose a preprocessing algorithm for the multiway cut problem that establishes its polynomial kernelizability when the difference between the parameter $k$ and the size of the smallest isolating cut is at most $log(k)$. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first progress towards kernelization of the multiway cut problem. We pose two open questions that, if answered affirmatively, would imply, combined with the proposed result, unconditional polynomial kernelizability of the multiway cut problem.

cs.DM↗

arXiv2010

Computing multiway cut within the given excess over the largest minimum isolating cut

Let $(G,T)$ be an instance of the (vertex) multiway cut problem where $G$ is a graph and $T$ is a set of terminals. For $t \in T$, a set of nonterminal vertices separating $t$ from $T \setminus \{T\}$ is called an \emph{isolating cut} of $t$. The largest among all the smallest isolating cuts is a natural lower bound for a multiway cut of $(G,T)$. Denote this lower bound by $m$ and let $k$ be an integer. In this paper we propose an $O(kn^{k+3})$ algorithm that computes a multiway cut of $(G,T)$ of size at most $m+k$ or reports that there is no such multiway cut. The core of the proposed algorithm is the following combinatorial result. Let $G$ be a graph and let $X,Y$ be two disjoint subsets of vertices of $G$. Let $m$ be the smallest size of a vertex $X-Y$ separator. Then, for the given integer $k$, the number of \emph{important} $X-Y$ separators \cite{MarxTCS} of size at most $m+k$ is at most $\sum_{i=0}^k{n \choose i}$.

cs.DS↗

arXiv2010

Treewidth reduction for constrained separation and bipartization problems

We present a method for reducing the treewidth of a graph while preserving all the minimal $s-t$ separators. This technique turns out to be very useful for establishing the fixed-parameter tractability of constrained separation and bipartization problems. To demonstrate the power of this technique, we prove the fixed-parameter tractability of a number of well-known separation and bipartization problems with various additional restrictions (e.g., the vertices being removed from the graph form an independent set). These results answer a number of open questions in the area of parameterized complexity.

cs.DS↗

arXiv2008

Almost 2-SAT is Fixed-Parameter Tractable

We consider the following problem. Given a 2-CNF formula, is it possible to remove at most $k$ clauses so that the resulting 2-CNF formula is satisfiable? This problem is known to different research communities in Theoretical Computer Science under the names 'Almost 2-SAT', 'All-but-$k$ 2-SAT', '2-CNF deletion', '2-SAT deletion'. The status of fixed-parameter tractability of this problem is a long-standing open question in the area of Parameterized Complexity. We resolve this open question by proposing an algorithm which solves this problem in $O(15^k*k*m^3)$ and thus we show that this problem is fixed-parameter tractable.

cs.DS↗

arXiv2007

Directed Feedback Vertex Set is Fixed-Parameter Tractable

We resolve positively a long standing open question regarding the fixed-parameter tractability of the parameterized Directed Feedback Vertex Set problem. In particular, we propose an algorithm which solves this problem in $O(8^kk!*poly(n))$.

cs.DS↗