arXiv subjects

Ilin Lazar

Publications and source records attributed to Ilin Lazar.

13 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Global trends in morphology from massive to dwarf galaxies

The morphological properties of dwarf galaxies (Mstar < 10^9.5 MSun) remain largely unexplored, particularly outside the local neighbourhood. We explore how morphology changes across the massive to dwarf-galaxy regimes, using a mass-complete sample of ~1000 galaxies, with stellar masses and redshifts in the ranges 10^7 MSun < Mstar < 10^12 MSun and z < 0.15 respectively. By combining JWST-derived morphological parameters (concentration, asymmetry and clumpiness; `CAS') and visual morphological classifications, we explore: (1) how morphology changes with stellar mass and effective surface brightness, (2) the connection between morphology and recent star formation history, as a function of stellar mass, (3) how bar frequency changes between the massive and dwarf regimes and (4) how well the CAS parameters perform in separating early- and late-type galaxies, as a function of stellar mass. We demonstrate that galaxies become less concentrated, more asymmetric and less clumpy with decreasing stellar mass. In both mass regimes, galaxies that are more concentrated and less asymmetric are more likely to be red (i.e. quenched). The decrease in concentration towards lower stellar masses results in a loss of the leverage that this parameter can provide in separating early- and late-type galaxies. Thus, while the CAS system successfully separates early- and late-type systems in the massive-galaxy regime, these morphological classes become significantly more difficult to separate, using these parameters, in the dwarf regime. Finally, the bar fraction declines steadily with decreasing stellar mass and becomes consistent with zero at Mstar ~ 10^8 MSun, suggesting a lower limit for the galaxy mass needed to induce bar formation.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2026

Downsizing does not extend to dwarf galaxies: identifying the stellar mass regimes shaped by supernova and AGN feedback

We explore how the fraction of red (quenched) galaxies varies in the dwarf galaxy regime (10^7 MSun < Mstar < 10^9.5 MSun), using a mass-complete sample of ~5900 dwarfs at z<0.15, constructed using deep multi-wavelength data in the COSMOS field. The red fraction decreases steadily until Mstar ~ 10^8.5 MSun and then increases again towards lower stellar masses. This 'U' shape demonstrates that the traditional notion of 'downsizing' (i.e. that progressively lower mass galaxies maintain star formation until later epochs) is incorrect -- downsizing does not continue uninterrupted into the dwarf regime. The U shape persists regardless of environment, indicating that it is driven by internal processes rather than external environment-driven mechanisms. Our results suggest that, at Mstar < 10^8 MSun, the quenching of star formation is dominated by supernova (SN) feedback and becomes more effective with decreasing stellar mass, as the potential well becomes shallower. At Mstar > 10^9 MSun, the quenching is driven by a mix of SN feedback and AGN feedback (which becomes more effective with increasing stellar mass, as central black holes become more massive). The processes that quench star formation are least effective in the range 10^8 MSun < Mstar < 10^9 MSun, likely because the potential well is deep enough to weaken the impact of SN feedback, while the effect of AGN feedback is still insignificant. The cosmological simulations tested here do not match the details of how the red fraction varies as a function of stellar mass -- we propose that the red fraction vs stellar mass relation (particularly in the dwarf regime) is a powerful calibrator for the processes that regulate star formation in galaxy formation models.

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arXiv2025

The dwarf stellar mass function in different environments and the lack of a generic missing dwarfs problem in {\Lambda}CDM

We combine deep photometric data in the COSMOS and XMM-LSS fields with high-resolution cosmological hydrodynamical simulations to explore two key questions: (1) how does the galaxy stellar mass function, particularly in the dwarf (Mstar < 10^9.5 MSun ) regime, vary with environment, defined as distance from the large-scale structure (LSS) traced by nodes and filaments in the cosmic web? (2) is there a generic 'missing dwarfs' problem in LambdaCDM predictions when all environments - and not just satellites around Milky Way like galaxies - are considered? The depth of the observational data used here enables us to construct complete, unbiased samples of galaxies, down to Mstar ~ 10^7 MSun and out to z ~ 0.4. Strong environmental differences are found for the galaxy stellar mass function when considering distance from LSS. As we move closer to LSS, the dwarf mass function becomes progressively flatter and the knee of the mass function shifts to larger stellar masses, both of which result in a higher ratio of massive to dwarf galaxies. While the stellar mass functions from the three simulations (NewHorizon, TNG50 and FIREbox) considered here do not completely agree across the dwarf regime, there is no evidence of a generic missing dwarfs problem in the context of LambdaCDM, akin to the results of recent work that demonstrates that there is no missing satellites problem around Galactic analogues.

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arXiv2025

The chemical and spatial variations of the bulge's velocity ellipsoids

We study the velocity ellipsoids in an $N$-body$+$SPH simulation of a barred galaxy which forms a bar with a BP bulge. We focus on the 2D kinematics, and quantify the velocity ellipses by the anisotropy, $\beta_{ij}$, the correlation, $\rho_{ij}$, and the vertex deviation, $l_{\rm v}$. We explore the variations in these quantities based on stellar age within the bulge and compare these results with the Milky Way's bulge using data from APOGEE DR16 and {\it Gaia} DR3. We first explore the variation of the model's velocity ellipses in galactocentric velocities, $v_R$ and $v_\phi$, for two bulge populations, a (relatively) young one and an old one. The bar imprints quadrupoles on the distribution of ellipse properties, which are stronger in the young population, as expected from their stronger bar. The quadrupoles are distorted if we use heliocentric velocities $v_r$ and $v_l$. We then project these kinematics along the line of sight onto the $(l,b)$-plane. Along the minor axis $\beta_{rl}$ changes from positive at low $|b|$ to negative at large $|b|$, crossing over at lower $|b|$ in the young stars. Consequently the vertex deviation peaks at lower $|b|$ in the young population, but reaches similar peak values in the old. The $\rho_{rl}$ is much stronger in the young stars, and traces the bar strength. The APOGEE stars split by the median [Fe/H] follow the same trends. Lastly we explore the velocity ellipses across the entire bulge region in $(l,b)$ space, finding good qualitative agreement between the model and observations.

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arXiv2024

UVCANDELS: Catalogs of photometric redshifts and galaxy physical properties

The UltraViolet imaging of the Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey Fields (UVCANDELS) program provides deep HST F275W and F435W imaging over four CANDELS fields (GOODS-N, GOODS-S, COSMOS, and EGS). We combine this newly acquired UV imaging with existing HST imaging from CANDELS as well as existing ancillary data to obtain robust photometric redshifts and reliable estimates for galaxy physical properties for over 150,000 galaxies in the $\sim$430 arcmin$^2$ UVCANDELS area. Here, we leverage the power of the new UV photometry to not only improve the photometric redshift measurements in these fields, but also constrain the full redshift probability distribution combining multiple redshift fitting tools. Furthermore, using the full UV-to-IR photometric dataset, we measure the galaxy physical properties by fitting templates from population synthesis models with two different parameterizations (flexible and fixed-form) of the star-formation histories (SFHs). Compared to the flexible SFH parametrization, we find that the fixed-form SFHs systematically underestimate the galaxy stellar masses, both at the low- ($\lesssim10^9 M_\odot$) and high- ($\gtrsim10^{10} M_\odot$) mass end, by as much as $\sim0.5$ dex. This underestimation is primarily due the limited ability of fixed-form SFH parameterization to simultaneously capture the chaotic nature of star-formation in these galaxies.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2024

The structural properties of nearby dwarf galaxies in low density environments -- size, surface brightness and colour gradients

We use a complete sample of 211 nearby (z<0.08) dwarf (10^8 MSun < Mstar < 10^9.5 Msun) galaxies in low-density environments, to study their structural properties: effective radii (R_e), effective surface brightnesses (mu_e) and colour gradients. We explore these properties as a function of stellar mass and the three principal dwarf morphological types identified in a companion paper (Lazar et al.) -- early-type galaxies (ETGs), late-type galaxies (LTGs) and featureless systems. The median R_e of LTGs and featureless galaxies are factors of ~2 and ~1.2 larger than the ETGs. While the median mu_e of the ETGs and LTGs is similar, the featureless class is ~1 mag arcsec^-2 fainter. Although they have similar median R_e, the featureless and ETG classes differ significantly in their median mu_e, suggesting that their evolution is different and that the featureless galaxies are not a subset of the ETGs. While massive ETGs typically exhibit negative or flat colour gradients, dwarf ETGs generally show positive colour gradients (bluer centres). The growth of ETGs therefore changes from being `outside-in' to `inside-out' as we move from the dwarf to the massive regime. The colour gradients of dwarf and massive LTGs are, however, similar. Around 46 per cent of dwarf ETGs show prominent, visually-identifiable blue cores which extend out to ~1.5 R_e. Finally, compared to their non-interacting counterparts, interacting dwarfs are larger, bluer at all radii and exhibit similar median mu_e, indicating that interactions typically enhance star formation across the entire galaxy.

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arXiv2024

The morphological mix of dwarf galaxies in the nearby Universe

We use a complete, unbiased sample of 257 dwarf (10^8 MSun < Mstar < 10^9.5 MSun) galaxies at z < 0.08, in the COSMOS field, to study the morphological mix of the dwarf population in low-density environments. Visual inspection of extremely deep optical images and their unsharp-masked counterparts reveals three principal dwarf morphological classes. 43 and 45 per cent of dwarfs exhibit the traditional `early-type' (elliptical/S0) and `late-type' (spiral) morphologies respectively. However, 10 per cent populate a `featureless' class, that lacks both the central light concentration seen in early-types and any spiral structure - this class is missing in the massive-galaxy regime. 14, 27 and 19 per cent of early-type, late-type and featureless dwarfs respectively show evidence for interactions, which drive around 20 per cent of the overall star formation activity in the dwarf population. Compared to their massive counterparts, dwarf early-types show a much lower incidence of interactions, are significantly less concentrated and share similar rest-frame colours as dwarf late-types. This suggests that the formation histories of dwarf and massive early-types are different, with dwarf early-types being shaped less by interactions and more by secular processes. The lack of large groups or clusters in COSMOS at z < 0.08, and the fact that our dwarf morphological classes show similar local density, suggests that featureless dwarfs in low-density environments are created via internal baryonic feedback, rather than by environmental processes. Finally, while interacting dwarfs can be identified using the asymmetry parameter, it is challenging to cleanly separate early and late-type dwarfs using traditional morphological parameters, such as `CAS', M20 and the Gini coefficient (unlike in the massive-galaxy regime).

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arXiv2023

The UV luminosity function at 0.6 < z < 1 from UVCANDELS

UVCANDELS is a HST Cycle-26 Treasury Program awarded 164 orbits of primary ultraviolet (UV) F275W imaging and coordinated parallel optical F435W imaging in four CANDELS fields: GOODS-N, GOODS-S, EGS, and COSMOS, covering a total area of $\sim426$ arcmin$^2$. This is $\sim2.7$ times larger than the area covered by previous deep-field space UV data combined, reaching a depth of about 27 and 28 ABmag ($5\sigma$ in $0.2"$ apertures) for F275W and F435W, respectively. Along with the new photometric catalogs, we present an analysis of the rest-frame UV luminosity function (LF), relying on our UV-optimized aperture photometry method yielding a factor of $1.5\times$ increase than the H-isophot aperture photometry in the signal-to-noise ratios of galaxies in our F275W imaging. Using well tested photometric redshift measurements we identify 5810 galaxies at redshifts $0.6<z<1$, down to an absolute magnitude of $M_\text{UV} = -14.2$. In order to minimize the effect of uncertainties in estimating the completeness function, especially at the faint-end, we restrict our analysis to sources above $30\%$ completeness, which provides a final sample of 4726 galaxies at $-21.5<M_\text{UV}<-15.5$. We performed a maximum likelihood estimate to derive the best-fit parameters of the UV LF. We report a best-fit faint-end slope of $\alpha = -1.359^{+0.041}_{-0.041}$ at $z \sim 0.8$. Creating sub-samples at $z\sim0.7$ and $z\sim0.9$, we observe a possible evolution of $\alpha$ with redshift. The unobscured UV luminosity density at $M_\text{UV}<-10$ is derived as $\rho_\text{UV}=1.339^{+0.027}_{-0.030}\ (\times10^{26} \text{ergs/s/Hz/Mpc}^3)$ using our best-fit LF parameters. The new F275W and F435 photometric catalogs from UVCANDELS have been made publicly available on the Barbara A. Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST).

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2023

The Lyman Continuum Escape Fraction of Star-forming Galaxies at $2.4\lesssim z\lesssim3.0$ from UVCANDELS

The UltraViolet Imaging of the Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey Fields (UVCANDELS) survey is a Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Cycle-26 Treasury Program, allocated in total 164 orbits of primary Wide-Field Camera 3 Ultraviolet and Visible light F275W imaging with coordinated parallel Advanced Camera for Surveys F435W imaging, on four of the five premier extragalactic survey fields: GOODS-N, GOODS-S, EGS, and COSMOS. We introduce this survey by presenting a comprehensive analysis of the absolute escape fraction ($f_{\rm esc}^{\rm abs}$) of Lyman continuum (LyC) radiation through stacking the UV images of a population of star-forming galaxies with secure redshifts at $2.4\leq z\leq3.0$. Our stacking benefits from the catalogs of high-quality spectroscopic redshifts compiled from archival ground-based data and HST slitless spectroscopy, carefully vetted by dedicated visual inspection efforts. We develop a robust stacking method to apply to 10 samples of in total 56 galaxies, and perform detailed Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of the intergalactic medium (IGM) attenuation, to take into account the sample variance of the mean IGM transmission when measuring $f_{\rm esc}^{\rm abs}$. The full stack at $z\approx2.44$ from 28 galaxies places a stringent 1-$\sigma$ upper limit of $f_{\rm esc}^{\rm abs}\lesssim5\%$, whereas the full stack at $z\approx2.72$ of equal number of galaxies gives an upper limit of $f_{\rm esc}^{\rm abs}\lesssim26\%$ at 1-$\sigma$ confidence level. These new F275W and F435W imaging mosaics from UVCANDELS have been made publicly available on the Barbara A. Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST).

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arXiv2023

The imprint of clump formation at high redshift. II. The chemistry of the bulge

In Paper I we showed that clumps in high-redshift galaxies, having a high star formation rate density (Σ_SFR), produce disks with two tracks in the [Fe/H]-[α/Fe] chemical space, similar to that of the Milky Way's (MW's) thin + thick disks. Here we investigate the effect of clumps on the bulge's chemistry. The chemistry of the MW's bulge is comprised of a single track with two density peaks separated by a trough. We show that the bulge chemistry of an N-body + smoothed particle hydrodynamics clumpy simulation also has a single track. Star formation within the bulge is itself in the high-Σ_SFR clumpy mode, which ensures that the bulge's chemical track follows that of the thick disk at low [Fe/H] and then extends to high [Fe/H], where it peaks. The peak at low metallicity instead is comprised of a mixture of in-situ stars and stars accreted via clumps. As a result, the trough between the peaks occurs at the end of the thick disk track. We find that the high-metallicity peak dominates near the mid-plane and declines in relative importance with height, as in the MW. The bulge is already rapidly rotating by the end of the clump epoch, with higher rotation at low [α/Fe]. Thus clumpy star formation is able to simultaneously explain the chemodynamic trends of the MW's bulge, thin + thick disks and the Splash.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2023

Relaxed blue ellipticals: accretion-driven stellar growth is a key evolutionary channel for low mass elliptical galaxies

How elliptical galaxies form is a key question in observational cosmology. While the formation of massive ellipticals is strongly linked to mergers, the low mass (Mstar < 10^9.5 MSun) regime remains less well explored. In particular, studying elliptical populations when they are blue, and therefore rapidly building stellar mass, offers strong constraints on their formation. Here, we study 108 blue, low-mass ellipticals (which have a median stellar mass of 10^8.7 MSun) at z < 0.3 in the COSMOS field. Visual inspection of extremely deep optical HSC images indicates that less than 3 per cent of these systems have visible tidal features, a factor of 2 less than the incidence of tidal features in a control sample of galaxies with the same distribution of stellar mass and redshift. This suggests that the star formation activity in these objects is not driven by mergers or interactions but by secular gas accretion. We combine accurate physical parameters from the COSMOS2020 catalog, with measurements of local density and the locations of galaxies in the cosmic web, to show that our blue ellipticals reside in low-density environments, further away from nodes and large-scale filaments than other galaxies. At similar stellar masses and environments, blue ellipticals outnumber their normal (red) counterparts by a factor of 2. Thus, these systems are likely progenitors of not only normal ellipticals at similar stellar mass but, given their high star formation rates, also of ellipticals at higher stellar masses. Secular gas accretion, therefore, likely plays a significant (and possibly dominant) role in the stellar assembly of elliptical galaxies in the low mass regime.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2022

From Data to Software to Science with the Rubin Observatory LSST

The Vera C. Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) dataset will dramatically alter our understanding of the Universe, from the origins of the Solar System to the nature of dark matter and dark energy. Much of this research will depend on the existence of robust, tested, and scalable algorithms, software, and services. Identifying and developing such tools ahead of time has the potential to significantly accelerate the delivery of early science from LSST. Developing these collaboratively, and making them broadly available, can enable more inclusive and equitable collaboration on LSST science. To facilitate such opportunities, a community workshop entitled "From Data to Software to Science with the Rubin Observatory LSST" was organized by the LSST Interdisciplinary Network for Collaboration and Computing (LINCC) and partners, and held at the Flatiron Institute in New York, March 28-30th 2022. The workshop included over 50 in-person attendees invited from over 300 applications. It identified seven key software areas of need: (i) scalable cross-matching and distributed joining of catalogs, (ii) robust photometric redshift determination, (iii) software for determination of selection functions, (iv) frameworks for scalable time-series analyses, (v) services for image access and reprocessing at scale, (vi) object image access (cutouts) and analysis at scale, and (vii) scalable job execution systems. This white paper summarizes the discussions of this workshop. It considers the motivating science use cases, identified cross-cutting algorithms, software, and services, their high-level technical specifications, and the principles of inclusive collaborations needed to develop them. We provide it as a useful roadmap of needs, as well as to spur action and collaboration between groups and individuals looking to develop reusable software for early LSST science.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2022

A 2-3 mm high-resolution molecular line survey towards the centre of the nearby spiral galaxy NGC 6946

The complex physical, kinematic, and chemical properties of galaxy centres make them interesting environments to examine with molecular line emission. We present new $2-4$" (${\sim}75{-}150$ pc at $7.7$ Mpc) observations at 2 and 3 mm covering the central $50$" (${\sim}1.9$ kpc) of the nearby double-barred spiral galaxy NGC 6946 obtained with the IRAM Plateau de Bure Interferometer. We detect spectral lines from ten molecules: CO, HCN, HCO$^+$, HNC, CS, HC$_3$N, N$_2$H$^+$, C$_2$H, CH$_3$OH, and H$_2$CO. We complemented these with published 1mm CO observations and 33 GHz continuum observations to explore the star formation rate surface density ${Σ_{\mathrm{SFR}}}$ on 150 pc scales. In this paper, we analyse regions associated with the inner bar of NGC 6946 $-$ the nuclear region (NUC), the northern (NBE), and southern inner bar end (SBE) and we focus on short-spacing corrected bulk (CO) and dense gas tracers (HCN, HCO$^+$, and HNC). We find that HCO$^+$ correlates best with ${Σ_{\mathrm{SFR}}}$, but the dense gas fraction ($f_{\mathrm{dense}}$) and star formation efficiency of the dense gas (${\mathrm{SFE_{dense}}}$) fits show different behaviours than expected from large-scale disc observations.The SBE has a higher ${Σ_{\mathrm{SFR}}}$, $f_{\mathrm{dense}}$, and shocked gas fraction than the NBE. We examine line ratio diagnostics and find a higher CO(2-1)/CO(1-0) ratio towards NBE than for the NUC. Moreover, comparison with existing extragalactic datasets suggests that using the HCN/HNC ratio to probe kinetic temperatures is not suitable on kiloparsec and sub-kiloparsec scales in extragalactic regions. Lastly, our study shows that the HCO$^+$/HCN ratio might not be a unique indicator to diagnose AGN activity in galaxies.

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