arXiv subjects

Ingo Schienbein

Publications and source records attributed to Ingo Schienbein.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Heavy-quark contributions to the polarized DIS structure functions at NLO in the ACOT scheme

This study explores the heavy-quark contributions to polarized structure functions in deep-inelastic scattering at next-to-leading order. The structure functions $g_1$, $g_4$, $g_5$, $g_6$, and $g_7$ are computed, while $g_2$ and $g_3$ are excluded due to the higher-twist suppression. The calculations are performed within the ACOT renormalization scheme, which ensures theoretical consistency across kinematic regions where heavy quarks transition from being dynamically produced to fully active degrees of freedom. By incorporating heavy-flavor contributions at next-to-leading-order, this work provides deeper insights into their role in polarized structure functions and the spin-dependent dynamics of QCD. Both analytical results and their numerical implementation are presented.

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arXiv2025

Heavy-quark contributions to the DIS structure functions $F_4$ and $F_5$ at NLO in the ACOT scheme

We compute the contributions of heavy quarks to the deep-inelastic scattering structure functions $F_4$ and $F_5$ at next-to-leading order of perturbative QCD in the ACOT scheme. Both analytic results including the details of the calculation as well as numerical results for the neutral and charged current cases are presented. Our study thus lays the groundwork for future measurements of these two structure functions in experiments such as the SHiP experiment.

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arXiv2025

Heavy quark mass effects in charged-current deep-inelastic scattering at approximate NNLO in the Aivazis-Collins-Olness-Tung scheme

The approximate SACOT-$χ$ scheme for heavy quark production in deep-inelastic scattering was initially formulated for the neutral current structure functions $F_2$ and $F_L$. We extend this approach to the charged current case (also including $F_3$), and thereby complete the definitions for the most relevant inclusive structure functions. Furthermore, we implement these structure functions in the open-source code $\texttt{APFEL++}$ which provides fast numerical evaluations over a wide kinematic range; this addition to the $\texttt{APFEL++}$ code is publicly available, with details provided in the appendix. This SACOT-$χ$ implementation enables, for the first time, detailed numerical insights on the mass dependence of the structure functions and cross sections in the $(x,Q^2)$-plane for both neutral and charged current processes. We consider kinematic regions relevant for the experimental measurements from fixed-target $ν$DIS experiments (NuTeV, CCFR and Chorus) and HERA, and also projections for the upcoming EIC. In particular, the $ν$DIS experiments reveal a surprisingly strong dependence on the mass effects, offering valuable insights that may help resolve long-standing challenges in accurately describing these datasets.

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arXiv2025

NLO heavy-quark contributions to DIS structure functions in the ACOT scheme

We present next-to-leading-order (NLO) calculations of heavy-quark contributions to deep-inelastic scattering (DIS) structure functions $F_4$ and $F_5$ within the Aivazis--Collins--Olness--Tung (ACOT) scheme, implemented in the open source library \texttt{APFEL++} using \texttt{CT18NLO} parton distribution functions. These structure functions, suppressed by lepton mass effects in light-lepton processes, become significant in muon, tau-lepton and neutrino scattering at facilities such as SHiP, IceCube, and DUNE. Our results reveal NLO corrections up to 10\% relative to leading order, with pronounced heavy-quark effects at low Bjorken-$x$, impacting gluon and strange quark distributions. In the unpolarized case, $F_{4/5}^{γZ}$ and $F_{4/5}^γ$ do not contribute to the cross section, while the $γZ$ interference becomes accessible with longitudinally polarized lepton beams at the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC), offering enhanced sensitivity at low $Q^2$ due to reduced $Z$-boson propagator suppression. Analytical NLO expressions have also been derived for the polarized structure functions $g_1$, $g_4$, $g_5$, $g_6$, and $g_7$ in the ACOT framework. These developments enable precise theoretical predictions for upcoming experimental programs and global QCD analyses.

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arXiv2024

PineAPPL Grids of Open Heavy-Flavor Production in the GM-VFNS

Many next-to-leading order QCD predictions are available through Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. Usually, multiple CPU hours are needed to calculate predictions at a required precision, which is unfeasible for global PDF analyses. This problem is solved by a process known as gridding: The values of the hard-scattering cross-section are calculated only once with the MC program, and then interpolated and stored in look-up tables (grids) of the kinematical variables. To obtain the physical predictions, they are convolved with the PDFs (e.g. during the fitting stage in a PDF global analysis), which takes a tiny fraction of the time needed to calculate the MC results. This is possible with PineAPPL, a library tackling the aforementioned process of grid creation and convolution. In this work, we use PineAPPL to grid the predictions for open heavy-flavor production in the general-mass variable-flavor-number scheme (GM-VFNS). In the GM-VFNS, the differential cross-section interpolates between the fixed-flavor-number scheme (FFNS) and the zero-mass variable-flavor-number scheme (ZM-VFNS). These are each only valid in different kinematical regions, in which the GM-VFNS cross-section reproduces the FFNS and ZM-VFNS as the limiting cases of high energies and small masses, respectively. Better than permille agreement is achieved between the grids and the MC predictions, while at the same time not substantially increasing the time of the MC calculations.

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arXiv2022

The general Two-Higgs Doublet Model in a gauge-invariant form

In the general Two-Higgs Doublet Model it has been shown that the Higgs potential can be expressed in terms of gauge-independent quantities. In particular, stability, electroweak symmetry breaking, and CP symmetry can be understood in a concise way, avoiding unphysical gauge degrees of freedom. We complete this program and show how all the masses, the trilinear and quartic scalar interactions, the gauge-boson-Higgs interactions, as well as the Yukawa couplings in the general THDM can be expressed in a gauge-invariant way.

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arXiv2021

PyR@TE 3

We present a new version of PyR@TE, a Python tool for the computation of renormalization group equations for general, non-supersymmetric gauge theories. Its new core relies on a recent paper by Poole & Thomsen (arXiv:1906.04625) to compute the $β$-functions. In this framework, gauge kinetic mixing is naturally implemented, and the Weyl consistency relations between gauge, quartic and Yukawa couplings are automatically satisfied. One of the main new features is the possibility for the user to compute the gauge coupling $β$-functions up to the three-loop order. Large parts of the PyR@TE code have been rewritten and improved, including the group theory module PyLie. As a result, the overall performance in terms of computation speed was drastically improved and the model file is more flexible and user-friendly.

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arXiv2021

Reweighted nuclear PDFs using Heavy-Flavor Production Data at the LHC: nCTEQ15_rwHF & EPPS16_rwHF

We present the reweighting of two sets of nuclear PDFs, nCTEQ15 and EPPS16, using a selection of experimental data on heavy-flavor meson [D0, J/psi, J/psi from B and Upsilon(1S)] production in proton-lead collisions at the LHC which were not used in the original determination of these nuclear PDFs. The reweighted PDFs exhibit significantly smaller uncertainties thanks to these new heavy-flavor constraints. We present a comparison with another selection of data from the LHC and RHIC which were not included in our reweighting procedure. The comparison is overall very good and serves as a validation of these reweighted nuclear PDF sets, which we dub nCTEQ15_rwHF & EPPS16_rwHF. This indicates that the LHC and forward RHIC heavy-flavor data can be described within the standard collinear factorization framework with the same (universal) small-x gluon distribution. We discuss how we believe such reweighted PDFs should be used as well as the limitations of our procedure.

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arXiv2020

Electroweak $t \bar t$ hadroproduction in the presence of heavy $Z'$ and $W'$ bosons at NLO QCD in POWHEG

We extend and improve upon our previous calculation of electroweak top-quark pair hadroproduction in extensions of the Standard Model with extra heavy neutral and charged spin-1 resonances. In particular, we allow for flavour-non-diagonal $Z'$ couplings and take into account non-resonant production in the SM and beyond including the contributions with $t$-channel $W$ and $W'$ bosons. All amplitudes are generated using the Recola2 package. As in our previous work, we include NLO QCD corrections and consistently match to parton showers with the POWHEG method fully taking into account the interference effects between SM and new physics amplitudes. We consider the Sequential Standard Model, the Topcolour model, as well as the Third Family Hypercharge Model featuring non-flavour-diagonal $Z'$ couplings which has been proposed recently to explain the anomalies in $B$ decays. We present numerical results for $t \bar t$ cross sections at hadron colliders with a centre-of-mass energy up to 100 TeV.

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arXiv2020

Revisiting RGEs for general gauge theories

We revisit the renormalisation group equations (RGE) for general renormalisable gauge theories at one- and two-loop accuracy. We identify and correct various mistakes in the literature for the $β$-functions of the dimensionful Lagrangian parameters (the fermion mass, the bilinear and trilinear scalar couplings) as well as the dimensionless quartic scalar couplings. There are two sources for these discrepancies. Firstly, the known expressions for the scalar couplings assume a diagonal wave-function renormalisation which is not appropriate for models with mixing in the scalar sector. Secondly, the dimensionful parameters have been derived in the literature using a dummy field method which we critically re-examine, obtaining revised expressions for the $β$-function of the fermion mass. We perform an independent cross-check using well-tested supersymmetric RGEs which confirms our results. The numerical impact of the changes in the $β$-function for the fermion mass terms is illustrated using a toy model with a heavy vector-like fermion pair coupled to a scalar gauge singlet. Unsurprisingly, the correction to the running of the fermion mass becomes sizeable for large Yukawa couplings of the order of O(1). Furthermore, we demonstrate the importance of the correction to the $β$-functions of the scalar quartic couplings using a general type-III Two-Higgs-Doublet-Model. All the corrected expressions have been implemented in updated versions of the Mathematica package SARAH and the Python package PyR@TE.

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arXiv2020

Multiple point principle in the general Two-Higgs-Doublet model

Based on the Multiple Point Principle, the Higgs boson mass has been predicted to be 135 +- 9 GeV - more than two decades ago. We study the Multiple Point Principle and its prospects with respect to the Two-Higgs-Doublet model (THDM). Applying the bilinear formalism we show that concise conditions can be given with a classification of different kinds of realizations of this principle. We recover cases discussed in the literature but identify also different realizations of the Multiple Point Principle.

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arXiv2018

Gluon Shadowing in Heavy-Flavor Production at the LHC

We study the relevance of experimental data on heavy-flavor [$D^0$, $J/ψ$, $B\rightarrow J/ψ$ and $Υ(1S)$ mesons] production in proton-lead collisions at the LHC to improve our knowledge of the gluon-momentum distribution inside heavy nuclei. We observe that the nuclear effects encoded in both most recent global fits of nuclear parton densities at next-to-leading order (nCTEQ15 and EPPS16) provide a good overall description of the LHC data. We interpret this as a hint that these are the dominant ones. In turn, we perform a Bayesian-reweighting analysis for each particle data sample which shows that each of the existing heavy-quark(onium) data set clearly points --with a minimal statistical significance of 7 $σ$-- to a shadowed gluon distribution at small $x$ in the lead. Moreover, our analysis corroborates the existence of gluon antishadowing. Overall, the inclusion of such heavy-flavor data in a global fit would significantly reduce the uncertainty on the gluon density down to $x\simeq 7\times 10^{-6}$ --where no other data exist-- while keeping an agreement with the other data of the global fits. Our study accounts for the factorization-scale uncertainties which dominate for the charm(onium) sector.

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arXiv2018

Parton distributions and lattice QCD calculations: a community white paper

In the framework of quantum chromodynamics (QCD), parton distribution functions (PDFs) quantify how the momentum and spin of a hadron are divided among its quark and gluon constituents. Two main approaches exist to determine PDFs. The first approach, based on QCD factorization theorems, realizes a QCD analysis of a suitable set of hard-scattering measurements, often using a variety of hadronic observables. The second approach, based on first-principle operator definitions of PDFs, uses lattice QCD to compute directly some PDF-related quantities, such as their moments. Motivated by recent progress in both approaches, in this document we present an overview of lattice-QCD and global-analysis techniques used to determine unpolarized and polarized proton PDFs and their moments. We provide benchmark numbers to validate present and future lattice-QCD calculations and we illustrate how they could be used to reduce the PDF uncertainties in current unpolarized and polarized global analyses. This document represents a first step towards establishing a common language between the two communities, to foster dialogue and to further improve our knowledge of PDFs.

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arXiv2016

PyR@TE 2: A Python tool for computing RGEs at two-loop

Renormalization group equations are an essential tool for the description of theories accross different energy scales. Even though their expressions at two-loop for an arbitrary gauge field theory have been known for more than thirty years, deriving the full set of equations for a given model by hand is very challenging and prone to errors. To tackle this issue, we have introduced in [1] a Python tool called PyR@TE; Python Renormalization group equations @ Two-loop for Everyone. With PyR@TE, it is easy to implement a given Lagrangian and derive the complete set of two-loop RGEs for all the parameters of the theory. In this paper, we present the new version of this code, PyR@TE 2, which brings many new features and in particular it incorporates kinetic mixing when several $\mathrm{U}(1)$ gauge groups are involved. In addition, the group theory part has been greatly improved as we introduced a new Python module dubbed PyLie that deals with all the group theoretical aspects required for the calculation of the RGEs as well as providing very useful model building capabilities. This allows the use of any irreducible representation of the $\mathrm{SU}(n)$, $\mathrm{SO}(2n)$ and $\mathrm{SO(2n+1)}$ groups. % Furthermore, it is now possible to implement terms in the Lagrangian involving fields which can be contracted into gauge singlets in more than one way. As a byproduct, results for a popular model (SM+complex triplet) for which, to our knowledge, the complete set of two-loop RGEs has not been calculated before are presented in this paper. Finally, the two-loop RGEs for the anomalous dimension of the scalar and fermion fields have been implemented as well. It is now possible to export the coupled system of beta functions into a numerical C++ function, leading to a consequent speed up in solving them.

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arXiv2016

Frontiers of QCD with Precision nPDFs

Searches for new physics will increasingly depend on identifying deviations from precision Standard Model (SM) predictions. Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) will necessarily play a central role in this endeavor as it provides the framework for the parton model. However, as we move to higher orders and into extreme kinematic regions, we begin to see the full complexities of the QCD theory. Recent theoretical developments improve our ability to analyze both proton and nuclear PDFs across the full kinematic range. These developments are incorporated into the new nCTEQ15 PDFs, and we review these developments with respect to future measurements, and identify areas where additional effort is required.

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arXiv2015

On the intrinsic bottom content of the nucleon

We demonstrate that to a very good approximation the scale-evolution of the intrinsic heavy quark content of the nucleon is governed by non-singlet evolution equations. This allows us to analyze the intrinsic heavy quark distributions without having to resort to a full-fledged global analysis of parton distribution functions. This freedom is then exploited to model intrinsic bottom distributions which are so far missing in the literature in order to estimate the impact of this non-perturbative contribution to the bottom-quark PDF, and on parton--parton luminosities at the LHC. This technique can be applied to the case of intrinsic charm, albeit within the limitations outlined in the following.

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arXiv2015

NLO+NLL limits on $W'$ and $Z'$ gauge boson masses

QCD resummation predictions for the production of new charged ($W'$) and neutral ($Z'$) heavy gauge bosons decaying leptonically are presented. These results are obtained with our resummation code at next-to-leading order and next-to-leading logarithmic (NLO+NLL) accuracy. Our predictions are compared to PYTHIA at leading order (LO) supplemented with parton showers (PS) and FEWZ at NLO and next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO) for the $p_T$-differential and total cross sections in the Sequential Standard Model (SSM) and general SU(2)$\times$SU(2)$\times$U(1) models. We show that the importance of resummation for total cross sections increases with the gauge boson mass. Finally, the latest ATLAS and CMS results are reinterpreted to derive new limits at NLO+NLL on $W'$ and $Z'$ boson masses in general extensions of the Standard Model.

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arXiv2015

On the intrinsic bottom content of the nucleon and its impact on heavy new physics at the LHC

Heavy quark parton distribution functions (PDFs) play an important role in several Standard Model and New Physics processes. Most analyses rely on the assumption that the charm and bottom PDFs are generated perturbatively by gluon splitting and do not involve any non-perturbative degrees of freedom. It is clearly necessary to test this hypothesis with suitable QCD processes. Conversely, a non-perturbative, intrinsic heavy quark parton distribution has been predicted in the literature. We demonstrate that to a very good approximation the scale-evolution of the intrinsic heavy quark content of the nucleon is governed by non-singlet evolution equations. This allows us to analyze the intrinsic heavy quark distributions without having to resort to a full-fledged global analysis of parton distribution functions. We exploit this freedom to model intrinsic bottom distributions which are so far missing in the literature in order to estimate the impact of this non-perturbative contribution to the bottom-quark PDF, and on parton--parton luminosities at the LHC. This technique can be applied to the case of intrinsic charm, albeit within the limitations outlined in the following.

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