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Irénée Frérot

Publications and source records attributed to Irénée Frérot.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

Entanglement entropy across the dynamical phase transition in the quantum $\mathcal{O}(N)$ model

We demonstrate that the dynamical phase transition of the quantum $\mathcal{O}(N)$ model at large $N$ leaves universal fingerprints in the infrared structure of the entanglement spectrum. While the leading contribution to the entanglement entropy at long time follows the conventional volume law associated with ballistic entanglement spreading, its subleading behavior sharply distinguishes the different dynamical regimes. Specifically, quenches at and below the critical point generate gapless low-energy entanglement modes together with logarithmic corrections to the long-time entanglement entropy, whose scaling is governed by the scaling exponent of the transition. Using an infinite-slab bipartition geometry and exact numerical correlation functions in the large-$N$ limit, we characterize these scaling laws across the dynamical phase diagram and relate them to the emergence of long-range correlations during the post-quench dynamics. We further show that the entanglement eigenmodes themselves reveal characteristic signatures of the dynamical phase transition through their spatio-temporal structure and degeneracy properties.

quant-ph↗

Emission of time-ordered photon pairs from a coherently-driven Kerr microcavity

Weakly-interacting many-body systems possess remarkable quantum properties that are essential components of quantum technologies, and constitute a topic of fundamental interest. Here we show that in a solid-state nonlinear microcavity embedding discrete modes of exciton-dressed photons, we can isolate a single eigenmode of quantum fluctuations from the much brighter coherent fraction of the field. In this regime, we perform frequency- and time-resolved correlations measurements between photons on the red and blue side of the fluctuations spectrum. When the average number of fluctuation quanta is smaller than one, we observe the formation of large pairwise time-ordered correlations: red photon first and blue photon second. We show that this peculiar time-ordering correlation emerges spontaneously from the interplay between frequency-resolved detection, and the non-trivial internal quantum structure of the elementary fluctuations.

cond-mat.quant-gas↗

Excitonic oscillator-strength saturation dominates polariton-polariton interactions

Exciton-polaritons in semiconductor microcavities exhibit large two-body interactions that, thanks to ever refined nanotechnology techniques, are getting closer and closer to the quantum regime where single-photon nonlinearities start being relevant. To foster additional progress in this direction, in this work we experimentally investigate the microscopic mechanism driving polariton-polariton interactions. We measure the dispersion relation of the collective excitations that are thermally generated on top of a coherent fluid of interacting lower-polaritons. By comparing the measurements with the Bogoliubov theory over both the lower and upper polariton branches simultaneously, we find that polariton-polariton interactions stem dominantly from a mechanism of saturation of the exciton oscillator strength.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗

Unleashing the Transformative Power of Deliberation With Contextual Citizens

In this paper, we investigate deliberation procedures that invite citizens with contextual opinions to explore alternative thinking frames. Contextuality is captured in a simple quantum cognitive model. We show how disagreeing citizens endowed with contextual opinions, can reach consensus in a binary collective decision problem with no improvement in their information. A necessary condition is that they are willing to (mentally) experience their fellow citizens' way of thinking. The diversity of thinking frames is what makes it possible to overcome initial disagreement. Consensus does not emerge spontaneously from deliberations: it requires facilitation.

physics.soc-ph↗

Deliberation Among Informed Citizens: The Value of Exploring Alternative Thinking Frames

We investigate the potential of deliberation to create consensus among fully-informed citizens. Our approach relies on two cognitive assumptions: i. citizens need a thinking frame (or perspective) to consider an issue; and ii. citizens cannot consider all relevant perspectives simultaneously: they are incompatible in the mind. These assumptions imply that opinions are intrinsically contextual. Formally, we capture contextuality in a simple quantum-like cognitive model. We consider a binary voting problem, in which two citizens with incompatible thinking frames and initially opposite voting intentions deliberate under the guidance of a benevolent facilitator. We find that when citizens consider alternative perspectives, their opinion may change. When the citizens' perspectives are two-dimensional and maximally uncorrelated, the probability for consensus after two rounds of deliberation reaches 75%; and this probability increases proportionally with the dimensionality (namely, the richness) of the perspectives. When dealing with a population of citizens, we also elaborate a novel rationale for working in subgroups. The contextuality approach delivers a number of insights. First, the diversity of perspectives is beneficial and even necessary for deliberations to overcome initial disagreement. Second, successful deliberation demand the active participation of citizens in terms of "putting themselves in the other's shoes". Third, well-designed procedures managed by a facilitator are necessary to secure increased probability for consensus. A last insight is that the richness of citizens' thinking frames is beneficial, while the optimal strategy entails focusing deliberation on a properly reduced problem.

physics.soc-ph↗

Certifying ground-state properties of quantum many-body systems

A ubiquitous problem in quantum physics is to understand the ground-state properties of many-body systems. Confronted with the fact that exact diagonalisation quickly becomes impossible when increasing the system size, variational approaches are typically employed as a scalable alternative: energy is minimised over a subset of all possible states and then different physical quantities are computed over the solution state. Despite remarkable success, rigorously speaking, all what variational methods offer are upper bounds on the ground-state energy. On the other hand, so-called relaxations of the ground-state problem based on semidefinite programming represent a complementary approach, providing lower bounds to the ground-state energy. However, in their current implementation, neither variational nor relaxation methods offer provable bound on other observables in the ground state beyond the energy. In this work, we show that the combination of the two classes of approaches can be used to derive certifiable bounds on the value of any observable in the ground state, such as correlation functions of arbitrary order, structure factors, or order parameters. We illustrate the power of this approach in paradigmatic examples of 1D and 2D spin-one-half Heisenberg models. To improve the scalability of the method, we exploit the symmetries and sparsity of the considered systems to reach sizes of hundreds of particles at much higher precision than previous works. Our analysis therefore shows how to obtain certifiable bounds on many-body ground-state properties beyond energy in a scalable way.

quant-ph↗

Symmetry: a fundamental resource for quantum coherence and metrology

We introduce a new paradigm for the preparation of deeply entangled states useful for quantum metrology. We show that when the quantum state is an eigenstate of an operator $A$, observables $G$ which are completely off-diagonal with respect to $A$ have purely quantum fluctuations, as quantified by the quantum Fisher information, namely $F_Q(G)=4\langle G^2 \rangle$. This property holds regardless of the purity of the quantum state, and it implies that off-diagonal fluctuations represent a metrological resource for phase estimation. In particular, for many-body systems such as quantum spin ensembles or bosonic gases, the presence of off-diagonal long-range order (for a spin observable, or for bosonic operators) directly translates into a metrological resource, provided that the system remains in a well-defined symmetry sector. The latter is defined e.g. by one component of the collective spin or by its parity in spin systems; and by a particle-number sector for bosons. Our results establish the optimal use for metrology of arbitrarily non-Gaussian quantum correlations in a large variety of many-body systems.

quant-ph↗

Bogoliubov excitations driven by thermal lattice phonons in a quantum fluid of light

The elementary excitations in weakly interacting quantum fluids have a non-trivial nature which is at the basis of defining quantum phenomena such as superfluidity. These excitations and the physics they lead to have been explored in closed quantum systems at thermal equilibrium both theoretically within the celebrated Bogoliubov framework, and experimentally in quantum fluids of ultracold atoms. Over the past decade, the relevance of Bogoliubov excitations has become essential to understand quantum fluids of interacting photons. Their driven-dissipative character leads to distinct properties with respect to their equilibrium counterparts. For instance, the condensate coupling to the photonic vacuum environment leads to a non-zero generation rate of elementary excitations with many striking implications. In this work, considering that quantum fluids of light are often hosted in solid-state systems, we show within a joint theory-experiment analysis that the vibrations of the crystal constitute another environment that the condensate is fundamentally coupled to. This coupling leads to a unique heat transfer mechanism, resulting in a large generation rate of elementary excitations in typical experimental conditions, and to a fundamental non-zero contribution at vanishing temperatures. Our work provides a complete framework for solid-embedded quantum fluids of light, which is invaluable in view of achieving a regime dominated by photon vacuum fluctuations.

cond-mat.quant-gas↗

Certifying the quantum Fisher information from a given set of mean values: a semidefinite programming approach

We introduce a semidefinite programming algorithm to find the minimal quantum Fisher information compatible with an arbitrary dataset of mean values. This certification task allows one to quantify the resource content of a quantum system for metrology applications without complete knowledge of the quantum state. We implement the algorithm to study quantum spin ensembles. We first focus on Dicke states, where our findings challenge and complement previous results in the literature. We then investigate states generated during the one-axis twisting dynamics, where in particular we find that the metrological power of the so-called multi-headed cat states can be certified using simple collective spin observables, such as fourth-order moments for small systems, and parity measurements for arbitrary system sizes.

quant-ph↗

Probing quantum correlations in many-body systems: a review of scalable methods

We review methods that allow one to detect and characterise quantum correlations in many-body systems, with a special focus on approaches which are scalable. Namely, those applicable to systems with many degrees of freedom, without requiring a number of measurements or computational resources to analyze the data that scale exponentially with the system size. We begin with introducing the concepts of quantum entanglement, Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering, and Bell nonlocality in the bipartite scenario, to then present their multipartite generalisation. We review recent progress on characterizing these quantum correlations from partial information on the system state, such as through data-driven methods or witnesses based on low-order moments of collective observables. We then review state-of-the-art experiments that demonstrated the preparation, manipulation and detection of highly-entangled many-body systems. For each platform (e.g. atoms, ions, photons, superconducting circuits) we illustrate the available toolbox for state preparation and measurement, emphasizing the challenges that each system poses. To conclude, we present a list of timely open problems in the field.

quant-ph↗

Probing quantum entanglement from magnetic-sublevels populations: beyond spin squeezing inequalities

Spin squeezing inequalities (SSI) represent a major tool to probe quantum entanglement among a collection of few-level atoms, and are based on collective spin measurements and their fluctuations. Yet, for atomic ensembles of spin-$j$ atoms and ultracold spinor gases, many experiments can image the populations in all Zeeman sublevels $s=-j, -j+1, \dots, j$, potentially revealing finer features of quantum entanglement not captured by SSI. Here we present a systematic approach which exploits Zeeman-sublevel population measurements in order to construct novel entanglement criteria, and illustrate our approach on ground states of spin-1 and spin-2 Bose-Einstein condensates. Beyond these specific examples, our approach allows one to infer, in a systematic manner, the optimal permutationally-invariant entanglement witness for any given set of collective measurements in an ensemble of $d$-level quantum systems.

cond-mat.quant-gas↗

Three numerical approaches to find mutually unbiased bases using Bell inequalities

Mutually unbiased bases correspond to highly useful pairs of measurements in quantum information theory. In the smallest composite dimension, six, it is known that between three and seven mutually unbiased bases exist, with a decades-old conjecture, known as Zauner's conjecture, stating that there exist at most three. Here we tackle Zauner's conjecture numerically through the construction of Bell inequalities for every pair of integers $n,d \ge 2$ that can be maximally violated in dimension $d$ if and only if $n$ MUBs exist in that dimension. Hence we turn Zauner's conjecture into an optimisation problem, which we address by means of three numerical methods: see-saw optimisation, non-linear semidefinite programming and Monte Carlo techniques. All three methods correctly identify the known cases in low dimensions and all suggest that there do not exist four mutually unbiased bases in dimension six, with all finding the same bases that numerically optimise the corresponding Bell inequality. Moreover, these numerical optimisers appear to coincide with the "four most distant bases" in dimension six, found through numerically optimising a distance measure in [P. Raynal, X. Lü, B.-G. Englert, Phys. Rev. A, 83 062303 (2011)]. Finally, the Monte Carlo results suggest that at most three MUBs exist in dimension ten.

quant-ph↗

Thermal critical dynamics from equilibrium quantum fluctuations

We show that quantum fluctuations display a singularity at thermal critical points, involving the dynamical $z$ exponent. Quantum fluctuations, captured by the quantum variance (I. Frérot and T. Roscilde, Phys. Rev. B 94, 075121 (2016)), can be expressed via purely static quantities; this in turn allows us to extract the $z$ exponent related to the intrinsic Hamiltonian dynamics via equilibrium unbiased numerical calculations, without invoking any effective classical model for the critical dynamics. These findings illustrate that, unlike classical systems, in quantum systems static and dynamic properties remain inextricably linked even at finite-temperature transitions, provided that one focuses on static quantities that do not bear any classical analog, namely on quantum fluctuations.

cond-mat.stat-mech↗

Unveiling quantum entanglement in many-body systems from partial information

Quantum entanglement is commonly assumed to be a central resource for quantum computing and quantum simulation. Nonetheless, the capability to detect it in many-body systems is severely limited by the absence of sufficiently scalable and flexible certification tools. This issue is particularly critical in situations where the structure of entanglement is a priori unknown, and where one cannot rely on existing entanglement witnesses. Here, we implement a scheme in which the knowledge of the mean value of arbitrary observables can be used to probe multipartite entanglement in a scalable, certified and systematic manner. Specifically, we rely on positive semidefinite conditions, independent of partial-transposition-based criteria, necessarily obeyed if the data can be reproduced by a separable state. The violation of any of these conditions yields a specific entanglement witness, tailored to the data of interest, revealing the salient features of the data which are impossible to reproduce without entanglement. We validate this approach by probing theoretical many-body states of several hundreds of qubits relevant to existing experiments: a single-particle quench in a one-dimensional $XX$ chain; a many-body quench in a two-dimensional $XX$ model with $1/r^3$ interactions; and thermal equilibrium states of Heisenberg and transverse-field Ising chains. In all cases, these investigations have lead us to discover new entanglement witnesses, some of which could be characterized analytically, generalizing existing results in the literature. In summary, our paper introduces a flexible data-driven entanglement detection technique for uncharacterized quantum many-body states, of immediate relevance to experiments in a quantum advantage regime.

quant-ph↗

Coarse-grained self-testing

Self-testing is a device-independent method that usually amounts to show that the maximal quantum violation of a Bell's inequality certifies a unique quantum state, up to some symmetries inherent to the device-independent framework. In this work, we enlarge this approach and show how a coarse-grained version of self-testing is possible in which physically relevant properties of a many-body system are certified. For that we study a Bell scenario consisting of an arbitrary number of parties and show that the membership to a set of (entangled) quantum states whose size grows exponentially with the number of particles can be self-tested. Specifically, we prove that a many-body generalization of the chained Bell inequality is maximally violated if and only if the underlying quantum state is equal, up to local isometries, to a many-body singlet. The maximal violation of the inequality therefore certifies any statistical mixture of the exponentially-many orthogonal pures states spanning the singlet manifold.

quant-ph↗

Inferring Nonlinear Many-Body Bell Inequalities From Average Two-Body Correlations: Systematic Approach for Arbitrary Spin-j Ensembles

Violating Bell's inequalities (BIs) allows one to certify the preparation of entangled states from minimal assumptions -- in a device-independent manner. Finding BIs tailored to many-body correlations as prepared in present-day quantum computers and simulators is however a highly challenging endeavour. In this work, we focus on BIs violated by very coarse-grain features of the system: two-body correlations averaged over all permutations of the parties. For two-outcomes measurements, specific BIs of this form have been theoretically and experimentally studied in the past, but it is practically impossible to explicitly test all such BIs. Data-driven methods -- reconstructing a violated BI from the data themselves -- have therefore been considered. Here, inspired by statistical physics, we develop a novel data-driven approach specifically tailored to such coarse-grain data. Our approach offers two main improvements over the existing literature: 1) it is directly designed for any number of outcomes and settings; 2) the obtained BIs are quadratic in the data, offering a fundamental scaling advantage for the precision required in experiments. This very flexible method, whose complexity does not scale with the system size, allows us to systematically improve over all previously-known Bell's inequalities robustly violated by ensembles of quantum spin-$1/2$; and to discover novel families of Bell's inequalities, tailored to spin-squeezed states and many-body spin singlets of arbitrary spin-$j$ ensembles.

quant-ph↗

Optimal entanglement witnesses: a scalable data-driven approach

Multipartite entanglement is the key resource allowing quantum devices to outperform their classical counterparts, and entanglement certification is fundamental to assess any quantum advantage. The only scalable certification scheme relies on entanglement witnessing, typically effective only for special entangled states. Here we focus on finite sets of measurements on quantum states (hereafter called quantum data); and we propose an approach which, given a particular spatial partitioning of the system of interest, can effectively ascertain whether or not the data set is compatible with a separable state. When compatibility is disproved, the approach produces the optimal entanglement witness for the quantum data at hand. Our approach is based on mapping separable states onto equilibrium classical field theories on a lattice; and on mapping the compatibility problem onto an inverse statistical problem, whose solution is reached in polynomial time whenever the classical field theory does not describe a glassy system. Our results pave the way for systematic entanglement certification in quantum devices, optimized with respect to the accessible observables.

quant-ph↗

Detecting many-body Bell non-locality by solving Ising models

Bell non-locality represents the ultimate consequence of quantum entanglement, fundamentally undermining the classical tenet that spatially-separated degrees of freedom possess objective attributes independently of the act of their measurement. Despite its importance, probing Bell non-locality in many-body systems is considered to be a formidable challenge, with a computational cost scaling exponentially with system size. Here we propose and validate an efficient variational scheme, based on the solution of inverse classical Ising problems, which in polynomial time can probe whether an arbitrary set of quantum data is compatible with a local theory; and, if not, it delivers a many-body Bell inequality violated by the quantum data. We use our approach to unveil new many-body Bell inequalities, violated by suitable measurements on paradigmatic quantum states (the low-energy states of Heisenberg antiferromagnets), paving the way to systematic Bell tests in the many-body realm.

quant-ph↗