arXiv subjects

Isaac Ortega Romero

Publications and source records attributed to Isaac Ortega Romero.

3 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Technical Report on Resilient and Secure Large-Scale Energy Internet Systems

This IEEE PES Task Force report examines the security and resilience of large-scale Energy Internet (EI) systems, in which electricity, information, and market layers are tightly coupled through pervasive digitalization. The report characterizes the EI cyber-physical threat landscape and surveys detection, assurance, and mitigation techniques, presents modeling, control, and decision-making frameworks that capture cyber-physical interdependencies, including storage integration, multi-dimensional resilience, and electricity price forecasting, examines adversarial risks and trustworthy deployment of artificial intelligence, and introduces graph-based, attack-resilient information routing. The report closes with recommendations for research, standardization, and regulatory efforts needed to realize a resilient and secure large-scale EI.

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arXiv2026

Resilience Revisited: A Multidimensional Framework Derived from Realistic Attack Scenarios

The increasing penetration of inverter-based resources exposes power systems to coordinated cyber-physical attacks capable of triggering cascading failures and systemic instability. However, existing resilience indicators assess each dimension independently, preventing the quantification of how interdimensional coupling amplifies resilience loss during high-impact, low-probability events. This paper presents a Multidimensional Resilience Index (MDRI) that quantifies degradation across the physical, operational, cyber-digital, climatic, and regulatory dimensions, explicitly distinguishing the independent contribution of each dimension from the additional loss caused by their interactions. The proposed framework is validated on the IEEE 39-bus system implemented in MATLAB/Simulink through two attack scenarios reconstructed from the December 2025 cyberattack on the Polish power grid: a baseline scenario with a single compromised power plant and a coordinated multivector attack. The latter causes system collapse and increases resilience loss nearly eightfold relative to the baseline solely through interdimensional coupling. Including climatic and regulatory stressors produces a further 84% increase, yielding an overall resilience loss nearly fifteen times greater. These findings demonstrate that multidimensional coupling is a dominant driver of resilience degradation and that resilience assessment must explicitly account for interdependencies among dimensions to reveal vulnerabilities overlooked by conventional approaches.

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arXiv2026

Multidimensional Resilience for Electrical Power Systems: Systematic Review, Integrated Index, and Validation under Real-World Cyber-Physical Attack Scenarios

The accelerating decarbonization of energy systems has transformed electrical power systems into complex infrastructures exposed to threats whose interactions generate systemic vulnerabilities that conventional resilience approaches fail to capture. Although resilience assessment has expanded across multiple dimensions, existing studies largely examine them in isolation or adjacent pairs, leaving cross-dimensional couplings insufficiently explored. This study demonstrates i) that single-dimension assessments fail to capture the degradation produced by simultaneous cross-dimensional failures, ii) the nonlinear amplification emerging when physical, operational, and digital-cyber dimensions are jointly compromised, and iii) the intensification imposed by climatic and economic-regulatory stressors. To this end, we leverage a hybrid quantitative methodology. A PRISMA 2020 review with backward and forward snowballing identifies methodological gaps and unresolved dependencies across five resilience dimensions: physical, operational, digital-cyber, climatic-external, and economic-regulatory. Following this analysis, a Multidimensional Resilience Index (MDRI) is developed to capture endogenous couplings and exogenous amplification effects and is validated under escalating cyber-physical attack scenarios inspired by the December 2025 attack on Polish energy infrastructure. Results show that degradation under cascading and simultaneous failures is nearly eight times greater than under isolated stress, while exogenous conditions amplify degradation by an additional factor approaching six, with 72% of this amplification driven by exogenous stressors. Combined, these mechanisms produce a 46-fold increase in resilience loss compared to a single-vector reference.

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