On the Number of Almost Empty Monochromatic Triangles
In this paper, we consider the problem of counting almost empty monochromatic triangles in colored planar point sets, that is, triangles whose vertices are all assigned the same color and that contain only a few interior points. Specifically, we show that any $c$-coloring of a set of $n$ points in the plane in general position (that is, no three on a line) contains $Ω(n^2)$ monochromatic triangles with at most $c-1$ interior points and $Ω(n^{\frac{4}{3}})$ monochromatic triangles with at most $c-2$ interior points, for any fixed $c \geq 2$. The latter, in particular, generalizes the result of Pach and Tóth (2013) on the number of monochromatic empty triangles in 2-colored point sets, to the setting of multiple colors and monochromatic triangles with a few interior points. We also derive the limiting value of the expected number of triangles with $s$ interior points in random point sets, for any integer $s \geq 0$. As a result, we obtain the expected number of monochromatic triangles with at most $s$ interior points in random colorings of random point sets.