arXiv subjects
Publications and source records attributed to J. Fleischer.
A C-program DIANA (DIagram ANAlyser) for the automatic Feynman diagram evaluation is presented. It consists of two parts: the analyzer of diagrams and the interpreter of a special text manipulating language. This language is used to create a source code for analytical or numerical evaluations and to keep the control of the process in general.
Methods developed by the Bielefeld-DESY-Dubna collaboration in recent years are: DIANA (DIagram ANAlyser), a program to produce ``FORM input'' for Feynman diagrams, starting from the Feynman rules; methods to calculate scalar diagrams: Taylor expansion in small momenta squared in connection with a mapping and the Padé method to sum the series. Recently program packages for the large mass expansion were written and applied to the $Z \to b\bar{b}$ decay. Reviews of these activities were presented in the proceedings of the Ustroń '97 and Rheinsberg '98 conferences. Here we concentrate on recent developements in the large mass expansion, applied to the two-loop contribution of the $Z \to b\bar{b}$ decay in the $m_b=0$ approximation, taking into account higher order terms of the expansion in $M_W^2/m_t^2$.
For a large class of two-loop selfenergy- and vertex-type diagrams with only one non-zero mass ($M$) and the vertices also with only one non-zero external momentum squared ($q^2$) the first few expansion coefficients are calculated by the large mass expansion. This allows to `guess' the general structure of these coefficients and to verify them in terms of certain classes of `basis elements', which are essentially harmonic sums. Since for this case with only one non-zero mass the large mass expansion and the Taylor series in terms of $q^2$ are identical, this approach yields analytic expressions of the Taylor coefficients, from which the diagram can be easily evaluated numerically in a large domain of the complex $q^2-$plane by well known methods. It is also possible to sum the Taylor series and present the results in terms of polylogarithms.
The method of the large mass expansion (LME) is investigated for selfenergy and vertex functions in two-loop order. It has the technical advantage that in many cases the expansion coefficients can be expressed analytically. As long as only one non-zero external momentum squared, $q^2$, is involved also the Taylor expansion (TE) w.r.t. small $q^2$ yields high precision results in a domain sufficient for most applications. In the case of only one non-zero mass $M$ and only one external momentum squared, the expansion w.r.t. $q^2/M^2$ is identical for the TE and the LME. In this case the combined techniques yield analytic expressions for many diagrams, which are quite easy to handle numerically.
The method of the large mass expansion (LME) has the technical advantage that two-loop integrals occur only as bubbles with large masses. In many cases only one large mass occurs. In such cases these integrals are expressible in terms of $Γ$-functions, i.e. they can be handled completely analytically avoiding even recursions and therefore this approach may find a wide field of application. We consider it necessary to investigate the precision of this method and test it for several two-loop vertex functions ocurring in the $Z \to b\bar{b}$ decay by comparing it with the small momentum expansion. It turns out that in general high order approximants have to be taken into account for a sufficient accuracy.
A C-program DIANA (DIagram ANAlyser) for the automation of Feynman diagram evaluations is presented.
We present a review of the Bielefeld-Dubna activities on multiloop calculations.
We present a review of the Bielefeld-Dubna activities on the multiloop calculations. In the first part a C-program DIANA (DIagram ANAlyser) for the automation of Feynman diagram evaluations is presented, in the second part various techniques for the evaluation of scalar diagrams are described, based on the Taylor expansion method and large mass expansion.
A method to calculate two-loop self-energy diagrams of the Standard Model is demonstrated. A direct physical application is the calculation of the two-loop electroweak contribution to the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon ${{1/2}(g-2)}_μ$. Presently, we confine ourselves to a ``toy'' model with only $μ$, $γ$ and a heavy neutral scalar particle (Higgs). The algorithm is implemented as a FORM-based program package. For generating and automatically evaluating any number of two-loop self-energy diagrams, a special C-program has been written. This program creates the initial FORM-expression for every diagram generated by QGRAF, executes the corresponding subroutines and sums up the final results.
The differential equation method is applied to evaluate analytically two-loop vertex Feynman diagrams. Three on-shell infrared divergent planar two-loop diagrams with zero thresholds contributing to the processes Z --> bb bar (for zero b mass) and/or H --> gg are calculated in order to demonstrate a new application of this method.
Two-loop vertex Feynman diagrams with infrared and collinear divergences are investigated by two independent methods. On the one hand, a method of calculating Feynman diagrams from their small momentum expansion extended to diagrams with zero mass thresholds is applied. On the other hand, a numerical method based on a two-fold integral representation is used. The application of the latter method is possible by using lightcone coordinates in the parallel space. The numerical data obtained with the two methods are in impressive agreement.
A method to calculate two-loop self-energy diagrams of the Standard Model is demonstrated. A direct physical application is the calculation of the two-loop electroweak contribution to the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon ${1/2}(g-2)_μ$. Presently we confine ourselves to a ``toy'' model with only $μ$, $γ$ and a scalar particle (Higgs). The algorithm is implemented as a package of computer programs in FORM. For generating and automatically evaluating any number of two-loop self-energy diagrams, a special C-program has been written. This program creates the initial FORM-expression for every diagram generated by QGRAF, executes the corresponding subroutines and sums up the final results.
A method of calculating Feynman diagrams from their small momentum expansion [1] is extended to diagrams with zero mass thresholds. We start from the asymptotic expansion in large masses [2] (applied to the case when all $M_i^2$ are large compared to all momenta squared). Using dimensional regularization, a finite result is obtained in terms of powers of logarithms (describing the zero-threshold singularity) times power series in the momentum squared. Surprisingly, these latter ones represent functions, which not only have the expected physical `second threshold' but have a branchcut singularity as well below threshold at a mirror position. These can be understood as pseudothresholds corresponding to solutions of the Landau equations. In the spacelike region the imaginary parts from the various contributions cancel. For the two-loop examples with one mass $M$, in the timelike region for $q^2 \approx M^2$ we obtain approximations of high precision. This will be of relevance in particular for the calculation of the decay $Z \to b\bar{b}$ in the $m_b=0$ approximation.
The three-loop QCD contributions to the vacuum polarization functions of the $Z$ and $W$ bosons at zero momentum are calculated. The top quark is considered to be massive and the other quarks massless. Using these results, we calculate the correction to the electroweak $ρ$ parameter. All computations are done in the framework of dimensional regularization as well as regularization by dimensional reduction. We use recurrence relations obtained by the method of integration by parts to reduce all integrals to a small set of master integrals. A comparison of the two-loop and three-loop QCD corrections to the $ρ$ parameter is performed.
In a recent paper \cite{ft} a new powerful method to calculate Feynman diagrams was proposed. It consists in setting up a Taylor series expansion in the external momenta squared. The Taylor coefficients are obtained from the original diagram by differentiation and putting the external momenta equal to zero. It was demonstrated that by a certain conformal mapping and subsequent resummation by means of Padé approximants it is possible to obtain high precision numerical values of the Feynman integrals in the whole cut plane. The real problem in this approach is the calculation of the Taylor coefficients for the arbitrary mass case. Since their analytic evaluation by means of CA packages uses enormous CPU and yields very lengthy expressions, we develop an algorithm with the aim to set up a FORTRAN package for their numerical evaluation. This development is guided by the possibilities offered by the formulae manipulating language FORM \cite{FORM}.
Feynman diagrams are calculated by means of their Taylor series expansion in terms of external momenta squared. It is demonstrated in various examples that by the application of conformal mapping and Padé approximants, it is possible to obtain high precision results in the spacelike as well as in the timelike region on the cut. Examples are given for two- and three-point functions, but in principle the method is applicable also to four-point functions.
The coefficient functions of the gluon condensate $ $, in the correlators of heavy-quark vector, axial, scalar and pseudoscalar currents, are obtained analytically, to two loops, for all values of $z=q^2/4m^2$. In the limiting cases $z\to0$, $z\to1$, and $z\to-\infty$, comparisons are made with previous partial results. Approximation methods, based on these limiting cases, are critically assessed, with a view to three-loop work. High accuracy is achieved using a few moments as input. A {\em single} moment, combined with only the {\em leading} threshold and asymptotic behaviours, gives the two-loop corrections to better than 1% in the next 10 moments. A two-loop fit to vector data yields $<\frac{α_{\rm s}}πG^2>\approx0.021$ GeV$^4$.
A new powerful method to calculate Feynman diagrams is proposed. It consists in setting up a Taylor series expansion in the external momenta squared (in general multivariable). The Taylor coefficients are obtained from the original diagram by differentiation and putting the external momenta equal to zero, which means a great simplification. It is demonstrated that it is possible to obtain by analytic continuation of the original series high precision numerical values of the Feynman integrals in the whole cut plane. For this purpose conformal mapping and subsequent resummation by means of Padé approximants or Levin transformation are applied.