A quantum model for voltage noise: Theory and Experiments
Although the Fluctuation-Dissipation framework is a first step to get a quantum model for electrical noise, the merging of displacement and conduction currents into the sole current of a series notion like the resistance R(f) does not help in it this task. Used to handle these currents as orthogonal components in electromagnetic waves, the usage of the impedance Z(jf)=R(f)+jX(f) for the noisy device hides the way it interacts with its thermal bath. In contrast to this, the admittance Y(jf) is a parallel notion directly linked with the aforementioned interaction that has led us to develop a discrete model for current fluctuations where single electrons randomly shuttling between any pair of terminals generate the voltage noise we can measure between them.