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J. Isern

Publications and source records attributed to J. Isern.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources

The Implications of the New Z=0 Stellar Models and Yields on the Early Metal Pollution of the Intergalactic Medium

Motivated by the recent detection of metals in different components of the high redshift universe and by the abundance ratios measured in the extremely metal-poor stars of our Galaxy, we study the nucleosynthesis constraints that this imposes on an early generation of stars (Population III). To do so we take into account the chemical yields obtained from homogeneous evolutionary calculations of zero metal stars in the mass range $3\la m/M_\odot\la 40$ (Limongi et al. 2000, Chieffi et al. 2001). We also consider the role played by metal-free very massive objects (m$>100$ M$_\odot$). Using both analytical and numerical chemical evolution models, we confront model predictions from the different choices of the mass function proposed for Population III with the observational constraints. We show that low values of star formation efficiency ($<1%$) are required so as not to exceed the minimum metallicity ([C/H]$\approx -2.4$) measured in the high redshift systems for any of the IMFs proposed. We also show that the observational constraints require $Ω_{sr}< 3\times 10^{-3}Ω_b$, confirming previous claims that the possible contribution of the stellar remnants from Population III to the baryonic dark matter is insignificant. At present, however, the scarcity of abundance measurements for high redshift systems does not permit us to put severe limitations on the nature of the initial mass function for Population III. In fact, overabundances of alpha-elements with respect to iron of the order of those measured in damped Lyman-$α$ systems are obtained for any of the IMFs tested. Nevertheless, to account for the very large [C,N/Fe] ratios found in a considerable number of extremely metal-poor stars of our Galaxy, an IMF peaking at the intermediate stellar mass range (4-8 M$_\odot$) is needed.

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The potential of the variable DA white dwarf G117-B15A as a tool for Fundamental Physics

White dwarfs are well studied objects. The relative simplicity of their physics allows to obtain very detailed models which can be ultimately compared with their observed properties. Among white dwarfs there is a specific class of stars, known as ZZ-Ceti objects, which have a hydrogen-rich envelope and show periodic variations in their light curves. G117-B15A belongs to this particular set of stars. The luminosity variations have been successfully explained as due to g-mode pulsations. G117-B15A has been recently claimed to be the most stable optical clock ever found, being the rate of change of its 215.2 s period very small: \dot{P}= (2.3 +- 1.4)x10^{-15} s s^-1, with a stability comparable to that of the most stable millisecond pulsars. The rate of change of the period is closely related to its cooling timescale, which can be accurately computed. In this paper we study the pulsational properties of G117-B15A and we use the observed rate of change of the period to impose constraints on the axion emissivity and, thus, to obtain a preliminary upper bound to the mass of the axion. This upper bound turns out to be 4cos^{2}β meV at the 95% confidence level. Although there are still several observational and theoretical uncertainties, we conclude that G117-B15A is a very promising stellar object to set up constraints on particle physics.

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On the White Dwarf distances to Galactic Globular Clusters

We analyze in detail various possible sources of systematic errors on the distances of globular clusters derived by fitting a local template DA white dwarf sequence to the cluster counterpart (the so-called WD-fitting technique). We find that the unknown thickness of the hydrogen layer of white dwarfs in clusters plays a non negligible role. For reasonable assumptions - supported by the few sparse available observational constraints - about the unknown mass and thickness of the hydrogen layer for the cluster white dwarfs, a realistic estimate of the systematic error on the distance is within +-0.10 mag. However, particular combinations of white dwarf masses and envelope thicknesses - which at present cannot be excluded a priori - could produce larger errors. Contamination of the cluster DA sequence by non-DA white dwarfs introduces a very small systematic error of about -0.03 mag in the Mv/(V-I) plane, but in the Mv/(B-V) plane the systematic error amounts to ~ +0.20 mag. Contamination by white dwarfs with helium cores should not influence appreciably the WD-fitting distances. Finally, we obtain a derivative D((m-M)v)/D(E(B-V))~ -5.5 for the WD-fitting distances, which is very similar to the dependence found when using the Main Sequence fitting technique.

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The ages of very cool hydrogen-rich white dwarfs

The evolution of white dwarfs is essentially a cooling process that depends primarily on the energy stored in their degenerate cores and on the transparency of their envelopes. In this paper we compute accurate cooling sequences for carbon-oxygen white dwarfs with hydrogen dominated atmospheres for the full range of masses of interest. For this purpose we use the most accurate available physical inputs for both the equation of state and opacities of the envelope and for the thermodynamic quantities of the degenerate core. We also investigate the role of the latent heat in the computed cooling sequences. We present separately cooling sequences in which the effects of phase separation of the carbon-oxygen binary mixture upon crystallization have been neglected, and the delay introduced in the cooling times when this mechanism is properly taken into account, in order to compare our results with other published cooling sequences which do not include a treatment of this phenomenon. We find that the cooling ages of very cool white dwarfs with pure hydrogen atmospheres have been systematically underestimated by roughly 1.5 Gyr at log(L/Lo)=-4.5 for an otherwise typical 0.6 Mo white dwarf, when phase separation is neglected. If phase separation of the binary mixture is included then the cooling ages are further increased by roughly 10%. Cooling tracks and cooling isochrones in several color-magnitude diagrams are presented as well.

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Gamma-ray emission from novae related to positron annihilation: constraints on its observability posed by new experimental nuclear data

Classical novae emit gamma-ray radiation at 511 keV and below, with a cut-off at around (20-30) keV, related to positron annihilation and its Comptonization in the expanding envelope. This emission has been elusive up to now, because it occurs at epochs well before the maximum in optical luminosity, but it could be detected by some sensitive intrument on board a satellite, provided that the nova is close enough and that it is observed at the right moment. The detection of this emission, which is a challenge for the now available and for the future gamma-ray instruments, would shed light into the physical processes occurring in the early phases of the explosion, which are invisible in other lower energy ranges. A good prediction of the emitted fluxes and of the corresponding detectability distances with different instruments relies critically on a good knowledge of reaction rates relevant to f18 destruction, which have been subject to a strong revision after recent nuclear spectroscopy measurements. With respect to previous results, smaller ejected masses of f18 are predicted, leading to smaller emitted fluxes in the (20-511) keV range and shorter detectability distances.

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On the Evolution of Cosmological Type Ia Supernovae and the Gravitational Constant

There are at least three ways in which a varying gravitational constant $G$ could affect the interpretation of the recent high-redhisft Type Ia supernovae results. If the local value of $G$ at the space-time location of distant supernovae is different, it would change both the thermonuclear energy release and the time scale of the supernova outburst. In both cases the effect is related to a change in the Chandrasekhar mass $M_{\rm Ch}\propto G^{-3/2}$. Moreover the integrated variation of $G$ with time would also affect cosmic evolution and therefore the luminosity distance relation. Here we investigate in a consistent way how these different effects of a varying $G$ could change the current interpretation of the Hubble diagram of Type Ia supernovae. We parametrize the variation of $G$ using scalar-tensor theories of gravity, such as the Jordan-Brans-Dicke theory or its extensions. It is remarkable that Dirac's hypothesis that $G$ should decrease with time can qualitatively explain the observed $Δm \simeq 0.2$ mag decrease at $z\simeq 0.5$ (with respect to a decelerating universe) and, at the same time, reduce the duration of the risetimes of distant Type Ia supernovae as recently reported.

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The energetics of crystallizing white dwarfs revisited again

The evolution of white dwarfs is a cooling process that depends on the energy stored in the core and on the way in which it is transferred through the envelope. In this paper we show that despite some (erroneous) claims, the redistribution of chemical elements ensuing the crystallization of C/O white dwarfs provides between the 10% and the 20% of the total energy released during the crystallization process, depending on the internal chemical composition, which is not negligible at all, given the present state of the art of the white dwarf cooling theory.

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Possibility of the detection of classical novae with the shield of the INTEGRAL-spectrometer SPI

The shield of the INTEGRAL spectrometer provides a large detection area with a wide field-of-view. Calculations have been performed to check whether the temporal analysis of the counting rate of the SPI anticoincidence allows the detection of explosions of novae. The background rate of the shield as well as its response to gamma-ray have been modelled with monte-carlo simulations. Accounting for uncertainties in the rate of novae, their distribution in the Galaxy and their light curves in hard X-ray domain, the number of nova explosions detectable with this method during the INTEGRAL mission, is estimated. Such observationnal mode will allow to improve our knowledge on nuclear runaway in novae. Since the maximum of magnitude in the visible happens later than in gamma-ray, SPI will provide alert for optical observations.

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Gamma-ray emission of classical novae and its detectability by INTEGRAL

A lot of information concerning the mechanism of nova explosions will be extracted from the possible future observations with INTEGRAL. In order to be prepared for this task, we are performing detailed models of the gamma-ray emission of classical novae, for a wide range of possible initial conditions. Spectra at different epochs after the explosion and light curves for the different lines (511, 478 and 1275 keV) and the continuum are presented, as well as the detectability distances with INTEGRAL spectrometer SPI. New results related to 18F synthesis related to very recent data of nuclear physics are advanced as preliminary.

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Monte Carlo simulations of the disk white dwarf population

In order to understand the dynamical and chemical evolution of our Galaxy it is of fundamental importance to study the local neighborhood. White dwarf stars are ideal candidates to probe the history of the solar neighborhood, since these ``fossil'' stars have very long evolutionary time-scales and, at the same time, their evolution is relatively well understood. In fact, the white dwarf luminosity function has been used for this purpose by several authors. However, a long standing problem arises from the relatively poor statistics of the samples, especially at low luminosities. In this paper we assess the statistical reliability of the white dwarf luminosity function by using a Monte Carlo approach.

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Gamma--ray emission from individual classical novae

Classical novae are important producers of radioactive nuclei, such as be7, n13, f18, na22 and al26. The disintegration of these nuclei produces positrons (except for be7) that through annihilation with electrons produce photons of energies 511 keV and below. Furthermore, be7 and na22 decay producing photons with energies of 478 keV and 1275 keV, respectively, well in the gamma-ray domain. Therefore, novae are potential sources of gamma-ray emission. The properties of gamma-ray spectra and gamma-ray light curves (for the continuum and for the lines at 511, 478 and 1275 keV) have been analyzed, with a special emphasis on the difference between carbon-oxygen and oxygen-neon novae. Predictions of detectability of individual novae by the future SPI spectrometer on board the INTEGRAL satellite are made.

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The role of gravitational supernovae on the galactic evolution of the LiBeB isotopes

The observed Be and B relationships with metallicity clearly support the idea that both elements have a primary origin and that are produced by the same class of objects. Spallation by particles accelerated during gravitational events (SNII, SNIb/c) seems to be a likely origin. We show, in the context of a model of chemical evolution, that it is possible to solve the Li, Be and B abundance puzzle with the yields recently proposed by Ramaty et al. (1997), provided that SNII are unable to significantly accelerate helium nuclei and that different mechanisms are allowed to act simultaneously.

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The halo white dwarf population

Halo white dwarfs can provide important information about the properties and evolution of the galactic halo. In this paper we compute, assuming a standard IMF and updated models of white dwarf cooling, the expected luminosity function, both in luminosity and in visual magnitude, for different star formation rates. We show that a deep enough survey (limiting magnitude > 20) could provide important information about the halo age and the duration of the formation stage. We also show that the number of white dwarfs produced using the recently proposed biased IMFs cannot represent a large fraction of the halo dark matter if they are constrained by the presently observed luminosity function. Furthermore, we show that a robust determination of the bright portion of the luminosity function can provide strong constraints on the allowable IMF shapes.

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Further constraints on white dwarf galactic halos

The suggestion that roughly half the mass of the galactic halo might be in the form of white dwarfs, together with the limits on the infrared background light and on the initial metallicity of the galactic disk, would set strong constraints on the initial mass function (IMF) of the halo. Particular IMFs have been proposed to cut off both the numbers of low-mass stars contributing to the infrared background and of high-mass stars which contribute to the growth of metallicity when they promptly explode as gravitational-collapse (Type II and Type Ib/c) supernovae. Here we examine the further contribution to metallicity from the Type Ia (thermonuclear) supernovae which would later be produced from the halo white dwarf population. We find that, for most of the evolutionary scenarios for the Type Ia supernova progenitor systems proposed so far, the constraints on the white dwarf mass fraction in the halo from the predicted production of iron would be extremely severe. When the predicted iron excess is not so large, then the exceedingly high Type Ia supernova rate predicted for the present time would also exclude a major contribution of white dwarfs to the halo mass. The white dwarf contribution, in all cases, should be below 5-10%. Besides, for the IMFs considered, the duration of the halo burst should be shorter than 1 Gyr in order to avoid too large a spread in the iron abundances of Population II halo dwarfs, and the predicted halo $[O/Fe]$ ratio would be at odds with observations.

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Predictions of gamma-ray emission from classical novae and their detectability by CGRO

An implicit hydrodynamic code following the explosion of classical novae, from the accretion phase up to the final ejection of the envelope, has been coupled to a MonteCarlo code able to simulate their gamma-ray emission. Carbon-oxygen (CO) and oxygen-neon (ONe) novae have been studied and their gamma-ray spectra have been obtained, as well as the gamma-ray light curves for the important lines (e$^{-}$--e$^{+}$ annihilation line at 511 keV, $^{7}$Be decay-line at 478 keV and $^{22}$Na decay-line at 1275 keV). The detectability of the emission by CGRO instruments has been analyzed. It is worth noticing that the $γ$-ray signature of a CO nova is different from that of an ONe one. In the CO case, the 478 keV line is very important, but lasts only for $\sim$2 months. In the ONe case, the 1275 keV line is the dominant one, lasting for $\sim$ 4 years. In both cases, the 511 keV line is the most intense line at the beginning, but its short duration ($\sim$ 2 days) makes it very difficult to be detected. It is shown that the negative results from the observations made by COMPTEL up to now are consistent with the theoretical predictions. Predictions of the future detectability by the INTEGRAL mission are also made.

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The cooling of CO white dwarfs: influence of the internal chemical distribution

In this paper we compute detailed evolutionary models providing chemical profiles for white dwarfs having progenitors in the mass range from 1.0 to $7 M_{\sun}$ and we examine the influence of such profiles in the cooling process. The influence of the process of separation of carbon and oxygen during crystallization is decreased as a consequence of the initial stratification, but it is still important and cannot be neglected. As an example, the best fit to the luminosity functions of Liebert et al. (1988) and Oswalt et al. (1996) gives and age of the disk of 9.3 and 11.0 Gyr, respectively, when this effect is taken into account, and only 8.3 and 10.0 Gyrs when it is neglected.

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The Physics of crystallizing white dwarfs

White dwarfs can be used as galactic chronometers and, therefore, provide important information about galactic evolution if good theoretical models of their cooling are available. Consequently, it is natural to wonder if all the sources or sinks of energy are correctly taken into account. One of these sources is partial differentiation of the chemical components of the white dwarf upon crystallization. In this paper we use a new formalism to show that if there is a redistribution of the elements inside the star, there is a net release of energy that has to be radiated away and that slows down the cooling rate of the white dwarf.

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Simplified treatment of the radiative transfer problem in expanding envelopes

In this paper we study the application of a simplified method to solve the dynamic radiative transfer problem in expanding envelopes. The method, which requires a computational effort similar to that of the diffusion approximation, is based on the use of a generalization of the Eddington closure relationship allowing the inclusion of scattering and relativistic corrections to order (v/c). We apply this method to the calculation of light curves of type Ia supernovae, showing that it gives much more accurate results than the diffusion approximation, and that the latter is seriously in error when applied to determine emergent flux and its spectral distribution.

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