arXiv subjects

J. J. M. in't Zand

Publications and source records attributed to J. J. M. in't Zand.

10 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Comparative properties of X-Ray Flashes and Gamma-Ray Bursts from BeppoSAX observations of Fast X-ray Transients

We present the homogeneous and complete sample of 96 bona-fide Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs) detected by the Wide Field Cameras and Gamma Ray Burst Monitor of BeppoSAX. We derive the spectral and temporal properties of the prompt emission, and assess the properties of the soft population of GRB, namely X-ray flashes (XRFs) in comparison with normal GRBs. We find that 36 events are XRFs, 40 X-ray rich events (XRR), and 20 normal GRBs. We analyze the distribution of the spectral parameters of the Band function, finding that the spectral indexes of the three classes are broadly similar. On the contrary the peak energy is the parameter driving the spectra shape, from 8.5 keV for XRF keV to 83 keV for GRBs. For the 67 events that are detected in both instruments we find that 9 events exhibit a soft X-ray precursor taking place from 14 to 105 s before the onset of the gamma-ray burst. About 90\% of the events that were identified in real time exhibit an X-ray afterglow, with a similar fraction for the three classes. In the optical and radio the the corresponding fractions are 35% and 33%. All the similarities in the spectrum, duration and afterglow properties suggest common progenitors for the three classes, where the differences are likely a combination of the effect of different baryon loading, energy, structure and orientation of the jet with respect to the observer. A comparison with Einstein Probe shows that the latter, thanks to its sensitivity, reaches out to a population of fainter and more numerous events, whose presence was firstly hinted at by the unique very low luminosity BeppoSAX GRB980425.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2021

Discovery of millihertz quasi-periodic oscillations in the X-ray binary EXO 0748--676

We report the discovery of millihertz quasi-periodic oscillations (mHz QPOs) from the bursting, high-inclination atoll neutron-star low-mass X-ray binary (NS LMXB) EXO 0748--676 with the Rossi X-ray Time Explorer (RXTE). This class of QPO, originally discovered in three NS LMXBs, has been interpreted as a consequence of a special mode of nuclear burning on the NS surface. Using all the RXTE archival observations of the source, we detected significant ($>3σ$) mHz QPOs in 11 observations. The frequency of the oscillations was between $\sim$ 5 and $\sim$ 13 mHz. We also found a decrease of the QPO frequency with time in two occasions; in one of these the oscillations disappeared with the onset of an X-ray burst, similar to what was reported in other sources. Our analysis of the X-ray colours revealed that EXO 0748--676 was in a soft spectral state when it exhibited the QPOs. This makes EXO 0748--676 the sixth source with mHz oscillations associated to marginally stable burning, and the second one that shows a systematic frequency drift. Our results suggest that the mechanism that produces the drift might always be present if the mHz QPOs are observed in the so-called intermediate state.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2020

The Swift Bulge Survey: Motivation, Strategy, and First X-ray Results

Very faint X-ray transients (VFXTs) are X-ray transients with peak X-ray luminosities ($L_X$) of $L_X\lesssim10^{36}$ erg/s, which are not well-understood. We carried out a survey of 16 square degrees of the Galactic Bulge with the Swift Observatory, using short (60 s) exposures, and returning every 2 weeks for 19 epochs in 2017-18 (with a gap from November 2017 to February 2018, when the Bulge was in sun-constraint). Our main goal was to detect and study VFXT behaviour in the Galactic Bulge across various classes of X-ray sources. In this work, we explain the observing strategy of the survey, compare our results with the expected number of source detections per class, and discuss the constraints from our survey on the Galactic VFXT population. We detected 91 X-ray sources, 25 of which have clearly varied by a factor of at least 10. 45 of these X-ray sources have known counterparts: 17 chromospherically active stars, 12 X-ray binaries, 5 cataclysmic variables (and 4 candidates), 3 symbiotic systems, 2 radio pulsars, 1 AGN, and a young star cluster. The other 46 are of previously undetermined nature. We utilize X-ray hardness ratios, searches for optical/infrared counterparts in published catalogs, and flux ratios from quiescence to outburst to constrain the nature of the unknown sources. Of these 46, 7 are newly discovered hard transients, which are likely VFXT X-ray binaries. Furthermore, we find strong new evidence for a symbiotic nature of 4 sources in our full sample, and new evidence for accretion power in 6 X-ray sources with optical counterparts. Our findings indicate that a large subset of VXFTs is likely made up of symbiotic systems.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2014

The LOFT Ground Segment

LOFT, the Large Observatory For X-ray Timing, was one of the ESA M3 mission candidates that completed their assessment phase at the end of 2013. LOFT is equipped with two instruments, the Large Area Detector (LAD) and the Wide Field Monitor (WFM). The LAD performs pointed observations of several targets per orbit (~90 minutes), providing roughly ~80 GB of proprietary data per day (the proprietary period will be 12 months). The WFM continuously monitors about 1/3 of the sky at a time and provides data for about ~100 sources a day, resulting in a total of ~20 GB of additional telemetry. The LOFT Burst alert System additionally identifies on-board bright impulsive events (e.g., Gamma-ray Bursts, GRBs) and broadcasts the corresponding position and trigger time to the ground using a dedicated system of ~15 VHF receivers. All WFM data are planned to be made public immediately. In this contribution we summarize the planned organization of the LOFT ground segment (GS), as established in the mission Yellow Book 1 . We describe the expected GS contributions from ESA and the LOFT consortium. A review is provided of the planned LOFT data products and the details of the data flow, archiving and distribution. Despite LOFT was not selected for launch within the M3 call, its long assessment phase (> 2 years) led to a very solid mission design and an efficient planning of its ground operations.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2011

XMM-Newton observation of 4U 1820-30: Broad band spectrum and the contribution of the cold interstellar medium

We present the analysis of the bright X-ray binary 4U 1820-30, based mainly on XMM-Newton-RGS data, but using complementary data from XMM-Epic, Integral, and Chandra-HETG, to investigate different aspects of the source. The broad band continuum is well fitted by a classical combination of black body and Comptonized emission. The continuum shape and the high flux of the source (L/L_Edd\sim0.16) are consistent with a "high state" of the source. We do not find significant evidence of iron emission at energies >=6.4 keV. The soft X-ray spectrum contain a number of absorption features. Here we focus on the cold-mildly ionized gas. The neutral gas column density is N_H\sim1.63x10^21 cm^-2. The detailed study of the oxygen and iron edge reveals that those elements are depleted, defined here as the ratio between dust and the total ISM cold phase, by a factor 0.20\pm0.02 and 0.87\pm0.14, respectively. Using the available dust models, the best fit points to a major contribution of Mg-rich silicates, with metallic iron inclusion. Although we find that a large fraction of Fe is in dust form, the fit shows that Fe-rich silicates are disfavored. The measured Mg:Fe ratio is 2.0\pm0.3. Interestingly, this modeling may point to a well studied dust constituent (GEMS), sometimes proposed as a silicate constituent in our Galaxy. Oxygen and iron are found to be slightly over- and under-abundant, respectively (1.23 and 0.85 times the solar value) along this line of sight. We also report the detection of two absorption lines, tentatively identified as part of an outflow of mildly ionized gas (ξ\sim-0.5) at a velocity of \sim1200 km/s.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2006

Prompt and Afterglow Emission Properties of Gamma-Ray Bursts with Spectroscopically Identified Supernovae

We present a detailed spectral analysis of the prompt and afterglow emission of four nearby long-soft gamma-ray bursts (GRBs 980425, 030329, 031203, and 060218) that were spectroscopically found to be associated with type Ic supernovae, and compare them to the general GRB population. For each event, we investigate the spectral and luminosity evolution, and estimate the total energy budget based upon broadband observations. The observational inventory for these events has become rich enough to allow estimates of their energy content in relativistic and sub-relativistic form. The result is a global portrait of the effects of the physical processes responsible for producing long-soft GRBs. In particular, we find that the values of the energy released in mildly relativistic outflows appears to have a significantly smaller scatter than those found in highly relativistic ejecta. This is consistent with a picture in which the energy released inside the progenitor star is roughly standard, while the fraction of that energy that ends up in highly relativistic ejecta outside the star can vary dramatically between different events.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2006

Orbital Parameters for the X-ray Pulsar IGR J16393-4643

With recent and archival Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) X-ray measurements of the heavily obscured X-ray pulsar IGR J16393-4643, we carried out a pulse timing analysis to determine the orbital parameters. Assuming a circular orbit, we phase-connected data spanning over 1.5 years. The most likely orbital solution has a projected semi-major axis of 43 +- 2 lt-s and an orbital period of 3.6875 +- 0.0006 days. This implies a mass function of 6.5 +- 1.1 M_sun and confirms that this INTEGRAL source is a High Mass X-ray Binary (HMXB) system. By including eccentricity in the orbital model, we find e < 0.25 at the 2 sigma level. The 3.7 day orbital period and the previously known ~910 s pulse period place the system in the region of the Corbet diagram populated by supergiant wind accretors, and the low eccentricity is also consistent with this type of system. Finally, it should be noted that although the 3.7 day solution is the most likely one, we cannot completely rule out two other solutions with orbital periods of 50.2 and 8.1 days.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2005

The puzzling case of GRB 990123: multiwavelength afterglow study

We report on the BeppoSAX data analysis of the afterglow of Gamma-Ray Burst (GRB) 990123, one of the brightest GRBs detected by BeppoSAX. Mainly due to its exceptional brightness, this is the only source for which the Wide Field Cameras have allowed an early detection of the X-ray afterglow between about 20 and 60 min after the GRB trigger. Besides, again for the first time, high-energy emission from the afterglow was detected up to 60 keV. For the X-ray afterglow we found a power-law decay with index alpha = 1.46 +/- 0.04; the spectrum has a power-law shape with photon index Gamma about 1.9. The backward extrapolation of the afterglow decay smoothly reconnects with the late GRB emission, thus suggesting that both emissions are produced by the same phenomenon. An extensive set of multiwavelength observations for the GRB 990123 afterglow made during the BeppoSAX pointing was collected from the literature. The hard X-ray to radio range coverage allowed to construct a spectral flux distribution and to perform an analysis of the GRB afterglow in the context of the "fireball" model. We also report the results of temporal and spectral analysis of an X-ray source serendipitously observed about 22 arcmin north of the GRB afterglow, along with the optical spectroscopy of its possible counterpart to establish the nature of this source.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2003

Application of the Variability -> Luminosity Indicator to X-Ray Flashes

We have applied the proposed variability -> luminosity indicator to ten "X-Ray Flashes" (XRFs) observed by the Wide-Field Cameras on BeppoSAX for which BATSE survey data exists. Our results suggest that the variability -> luminosity indicator probably works for XRFs. Assuming this to be so, we find that the luminosity and redshift distributions of XRFs are consistent with those of long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), and therefore most XRFs are probably not very high redshift GRBs. The fact that XRFs and GRBs have similar luminosity and redshift distributions suggests that XRFs and long-duration GRBs are produced by a similar mechanism.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2000

Discovery of a Transient Absorption Edge in the X-ray Spectrum of GRB 990705

We report the discovery of a transient equivalent hydrogen column density with an absorption edge at ~3.8 kiloelectron volts in the spectrum of the prompt x-ray emission of gamma-ray burst (GRB) 990705. This feature can be satisfactorily modeled with a photoelectric absorption by a medium located at a redshift of ~0.86 and with an iron abundance of ~75 times the solar one. The transient behavior is attributed to the strong ionization produced in the circumburst medium by the GRB photons. The high iron abundance points to the existence of a burst environment enriched by a supernova along the line of sight. The supernova explosion is estimated to have occurred about 10 years before the burst. Our results agree with models in which GRBs originate from the collapse of very massive stars and are preceded by a supernova event

astro-ph↗