arXiv subjects

J. R. Houck

Publications and source records attributed to J. R. Houck.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources

arXiv2005

Mid-Infrared Spectra of Classical AGN Observed with the Spitzer Space Telescope

Full low resolution (65<R<130) and high resolution (R~600) spectra between 5 microns and 37 microns obtained with the Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) on the Spitzer Space Telescope are presented for eight classical active galactic nuclei (AGN) which have been extensively studied previously. Spectra of these AGN are presented as comparison standards for the many objects, including sources at high redshift, which are being observed spectroscopically in the mid-infrared for the first time using the IRS. The AGN are NGC4151, Markarian 3, I Zwicky 1, NGC 1275, Centaurus A, NGC 7469, Markarian 231, and NGC 3079. These sources are used to demonstrate the range of infrared spectra encountered in objects which have widely different classification criteria at other wavelengths but which unquestionably contain AGN. Overall spectral characteristics - including continuum shape, nebular emission lines, silicate absorption and emission features, and PAH emission features - are considered to understand how spectral classifications based on mid-infrared spectra relate to those previously derived from optical spectra. The AGN are also compared to the same parameters for starburst galaxies such as NGC 7714 and the compact, low metallicity starburst SBS 0335-052 previously observed with the IRS. Results confirm the much lower strengths of PAH emission features in AGN, but there are no spectral parameters in this sample which unambiguously distinguish AGN and starbursts based only on the slopes of the continuous spectra.

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arXiv2005

Mid-infrared spectra of PAH emission in Herbig AeBe stars

We present spectra of four Herbig AeBe stars obtained with the Infrared Spectrograph (IRS). on the Spitzer Space Telescope. All four of the sources show strong emission from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), with the 6.2 um emission feature shifted to 6.3 um and the strongest C-C skeletal-mode feature occuring at 7.9 um instead of at 7.7 um as is often seen. Remarkably, none of the four stars have silicate emission. The strength of the 7.9 um feature varies with respect to the 11.3 um feature among the sources, indicating that we have observed PAHs with a range of ionization fractions. The ionization fraction is higher for systems with hotter and brighter central stars. Two sources, HD 34282 and HD 169142, show emission features from aliphatic hydrocarbons at 6.85 and 7.25 um. The spectrum of HD 141569 shows a previously undetected emission feature at 12.4 um which may be related to the 12.7 um PAH feature. The spectrum of HD 135344, the coolest star in our sample, shows an unusual profile in the 7-9 um region, with the peak emission to the red of 8.0 um and no 8.6 um PAH feature.

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arXiv2005

Confinement of supernova explosions in a collapsing cloud

We analyze the confining effect of cloud collapse on an expanding supernova shockfront. We solve the differential equation for the forces on the shockfront due to ram pressure, supernova energy, and gravity. We find that the expansion of the shockfront is slowed and in fact reversed by the collapsing cloud. Including radiative losses and a potential time lag between supernova explosion and cloud collapse shows that the expansion is reversed at smaller distances as compared to the non-radiative case. We also consider the case of multiple supernova explosions at the center of a collapsing cloud. For instance, if we scale our self-similar solution to a single supernova of energy 10^51 ergs occurring when a cloud of initial density 10^2 H/cm^3 has collapsed by 50%, we find that the shockfront is confined to ~15 pc in ~1 Myrs. Our calculations are pertinent to the observed unusually compact non-thermal radio emission in blue compact dwarf galaxies (BCDs). More generally, we demonstrate the potential of a collapsing cloud to confine supernovae, thereby explaining how dwarf galaxies would exist beyond their first generation of star formation.

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arXiv2005

The Detection of Silicate Emission from Quasars at 10 and 18 Microns

We report the spectroscopic detection of silicate emission at 10 and 18 microns in five PG quasars, the first detection of these two features in galaxies outside the Local Group. This finding is consistent with the unification model for Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs), which predicts that an AGN torus seen pole-on should show a silicate emission feature in the mid-infrared. The strengths of the detected silicate emission features range from 0.12 to 1.25 times the continuum at 10 microns and from 0.20 to 0.79 times the continuum at 18 microns. The silicate grain temperatures inferred from the ratio of 18-to-10 micron silicate features under the assumption of optically thin emission range from 140 to 220K.

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arXiv2005

Discovery of a Large ~200 kpc Gaseous Nebula at z=2.7 with the Spitzer Space Telescope

We report the discovery of a very large, spatially extended Ly alpha -emitting nebula at z=2.656 associated with a luminous mid-infrared source. The bright mid-infrared source (F(24um)=0.86 mJy) was first detected in observations made using the Spitzer Space Telescope. Existing broad-band imaging data from the NOAO Deep Wide-Field Survey revealed the mid-infrared source to be associated with a diffuse, spatially extended, optical counterpart in the Bw band. Spectroscopy and further imaging of this target reveals that the optical source is an almost purely line-emitting nebula with little, if any, detectable diffuse continuum emission. The Lya nebula has a luminosity of L[Lya] ~ 1.7e44 erg/s and an extent of at least 20 arcsec (160 kpc). Its central ~8 arcsec shows an ordered, monotonic velocity profile; interpreted as rotation, this region encloses a mass M = 6e12 Msun. Several sources lie within the nebula. The central region of the nebula shows narrow (~365 km/s) emission lines of CIV and HeII. The mid-infrared source is a compact object lying within the nebula, but offset from the center by a projected distance of ~2.5 arcsec (20 kpc), and likely to be an enshrouded AGN. A young star-forming galaxy lies near the northern end of the nebula. We suggest that the nebula is a site of recent multiple galaxy and AGN formation, with the spatial distribution of galaxies within the nebula perhaps tracking the formation history of the system.

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arXiv2005

Spectroscopic Redshifts to z > 2 for Optically Obscured Sources Discovered with the Spitzer Space Telescope

We have surveyed a field covering 9.0 degrees^2 within the NOAO Deep Wide-Field Survey region in Bootes with the Multiband Imaging Photometer on the Spitzer Space Telescope (SST) to a limiting 24 um flux density of 0.3 mJy. Thirty one sources from this survey with F(24um) > 0.75 mJy which are optically very faint (R > 24.5 mag) have been observed with the low-resolution modules of the Infrared Spectrograph on SST. Redshifts derived primarily from strong silicate absorption features are reported here for 17 of these sources; 10 of these are optically invisible (R > 26 mag), with no counterpart in B_W, R, or I. The observed redshifts for 16 sources are 1.7 < z < 2.8. These represent a newly discovered population of highly obscured sources at high redshift with extreme infrared to optical ratios. Using IRS spectra of local galaxies as templates, we find that a majority of the sources have mid-infrared spectral shapes most similar to ultraluminous infrared galaxies powered primarily by AGN. Assuming the same templates also apply at longer wavelengths, bolometric luminosities exceed 10^13 L(solar).

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arXiv2005

Spitzer Observations of Optically "Invisible" Radio and X-Ray Sources: High Redshift AGN

We have combined a survey at 24 microns to 0.3 mJy with the Multiband Imaging Photometer (MIPS) on the Spitzer Space Telescope, a 20 cm A-array VLA survey covering 0.5 deg^2, and an existing 172 ks Chandra X-Ray Observatory exposure to investigate the nature of optically faint radio and X-ray sources in the NOAO Deep Wide-Field Survey (NDWFS) in Bootes. We find little overlap between the radio and infrared selected populations: only 9% of the infrared sources are detected in the radio and only 33% of the radio sources are detected in the infrared. Thirty-six (10%) of the 377 compact radio sources lack optical counterparts in the NDWFS Bw, R, & I images. We refer to these objects as optically invisible radio sources (OIRS). Only four of the thirty-one OIRSs observed with MIPS are detected at 24 microns. Comparisons of the radio and infrared properties of the OIRSs with various galaxy spectral energy distributions demonstrate that most of these sources are powered by AGN rather than starbursts. Similarly, eleven X-ray sources observed by both MIPS and the VLA are classified as optically invisible X-ray sources (OIXS). None are detected at 24 microns or 20 cm. All seven OIXSs detected in Chandra's 0.5-2 keV band have infrared to X-ray flux ratios consistent with their luminosity being dominated by an unobscured AGN. From these results we conclude that both the optically invisible radio and X-ray source populations are primarily AGN, relatively unaffected by dust and most likely at z > 1. No OIRSs are detected in X-ray emission and no OIXSs are detected at 20 cm. However, given the wide range in radio and X-ray properties of known AGN and the size of our samples, this lack of overlap does not necessarily imply AGN source populations.

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arXiv2004

The Neon Abundance of Galactic Wolf-Rayet Stars

The fast, dense winds which characterize Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars obscure their underlying cores, and complicate the verification of evolving core and nucleosynthesis models. Core evolution can be probed by measuring abundances of wind-borne nuclear processed elements, partially overcoming this limitation. Using ground-based mid-infrared spectroscopy and the 12.81um [NeII] emission line measured in four Galactic WR stars, we estimate neon abundances and compare to long-standing predictions from evolved-core models. For the WC star WR121, this abundance is found to be >~11x the cosmic value, in good agreement with predictions. For the three less-evolved WN stars, little neon enhancement above cosmic values is measured, as expected. We discuss the impact of clumping in WR winds on this measurement, and the promise of using metal abundance ratios to eliminate sensitivity to wind density and ionization structure.

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arXiv2004

The SMART Data Analysis Package for the Infrared Spectrograph on the Spitzer Space Telescope

SMART is a software package written in IDL to reduce and analyze Spitzer data from all four modules of the Infrared Spectrograph, including the peak-up arrays. The software is designed to make full use of the ancillary files generated in the Spitzer Science Center pipeline so that it can either remove or flag artifacts and corrupted data and maximize the signal-to-noise in the extraction routines. It may be run in both interactive and batch mode. The software and Users Guide will be available for public release in December 2004. We briefly describe some of the main features of SMART including: visualization tools for assessing the data quality, basic arithmetic operations for either 2-d images or 1-d spectra, extraction of both point and extended sources and a suite of spectral analysis tools.

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arXiv2004

New Infrared Emission Features and Spectral Variations in NGC 7023

We have observed the reflection nebula NGC 7023, with the Short-High module and long-slit Short-Low and Long-Low modules of the Infrared Spectrograph on the Spitzer Space Telescope. We also present Infrared Array Camera and Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer images of NGC 7023 at 3.6, 4.5, 8.0, and 24 microns. We observe the aromatic emission features (AEFs) at 6.2, 7.7, 8.6, 11.3, and 12.7 microns, plus a wealth of weaker features. We find new unidentified interstellar emission features at 6.7, 10.1, 15.8, 17.4, and 19.0 microns. Possible identifications include aromatic hydrocarbons or nanoparticles of unknown mineralogy. We see variations in relative feature strengths, central wavelengths, and feature widths, in the AEFs and weaker emission features, depending on both distance from the star and nebular position (southeast vs. northwest).

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arXiv2004

Spitzer-IRS Spectroscopy of the Prototypical Starburst Galaxy NGC7714

We present observations of the starburst galaxy NGC 7714 with the Infrared Spectrograph IRS on board the Spitzer Space Telescope. The spectra yield a wealth of ionic and molecular features that allow a detailed characterization of its properties. NGC 7714 has an HII region-like spectrum with strong PAH emission features. We find no evidence for an obscured active galactic nucleus, and with [NeIII]/[NeII]~0.73, NGC7714 lies near the upper end of normal-metallicity starburst galaxies. With very little slicate absorption and a temperature of the hottest dust component of 340K, NGC 7714 is the perfect template for a young, unobscured starburst

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arXiv2004

First mid-infrared spectrum of a faint high-z galaxy: Observations of CFRS 14.1157 with the Infrared Spectrograph on the Spitzer Space Telescope

The unprecedented sensitivity of the Infrared Spectrograph on the Spitzer Space Telescope allows for the first time the measurement of mid-infrared spectra from 14 to 38 microns of faint high-z galaxies. This unique capability is demonstrated with observations of sources having 16 micron fluxes of 3.6 mJy (CFRS 14.1157) and 0.35 mJy (CFRS 14.9025). A spectral-fitting technique is illustrated which determines the redshift by fitting emission and absorption features characteristic of nearby galaxies to the spectrum of an unknown source. For CFRS 14.1157, the measured redshift is z = 1.00+/-0.20 in agreement with the published result of z = 1.15. The spectrum is dominated by emission from an AGN, similar to the nucleus of NGC 1068, rather than a typical starburst with strong PAH emission like M82. Such spectra will be crucial in characterizing the nature of newly discovered distant galaxies, which are too faint for optical follow-up.

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arXiv2004

The Spitzer Space Telescope Mission

The Spitzer Space Telescope, NASA's Great Observatory for infrared astronomy, was launched 2003 August 25 and is returning excellent scientific data from its Earth-trailing solar orbit. Spitzer combines the intrinsic sensitivity achievable with a cryogenic telescope in space with the great imaging and spectroscopic power of modern detector arrays to provide the user community with huge gains in capability for exploration of the cosmos in the infrared. The observatory systems are largely performing as expected and the projected cryogenic lifetime is in excess of 5 years. This paper summarizes the on-orbit scientific, technical and operational performance of Spitzer. Subsequent papers in this special issue describe the Spitzer instruments in detail and highlight many of the exciting scientific results obtained during the first six months of the Spitzer mission.

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arXiv2004

Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph Observations of M, L, and T Dwarfs

We present the first mid-infrared spectra of brown dwarfs, together with observations of a low-mass star. Our targets are the M3.5 dwarf GJ 1001A, the L8 dwarf DENIS-P J0255-4700, and the T1/T6 binary system epsilon Indi Ba/Bb. As expected, the mid-infrared spectral morphology of these objects changes rapidly with spectral class due to the changes in atmospheric chemistry resulting from their differing effective temperatures and atmospheric structures. By taking advantage of the unprecedented sensitivity of the Infrared Spectrograph on the Spitzer Space Telescope we have detected the 7.8 micron methane and 10 micron ammonia bands for the first time in brown dwarf spectra.

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arXiv2004

Spitzer/IRS Observations of the Redshift 3.91 quasar APM 08279+5255

The Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) onboard the Spitzer Space Telescope (SST) has been used to obtain low and moderate resolution spectra of the dust and gas-rich quasar APM08279+5255 (z=3.91). Broad Paschen $α$ and $β$ recombination lines of hydrogen were detected at wavelengths of 9.235 and 6.315microns, as well as a strong, red continuum that is a smooth power law over the observed (rest frame) wavelength range 5.3-35microns (1.08 - 7.1microns). The observed P$α$/P$β$ line flux ratio of 1.05$\pm$0.2 is far from the case B value of ~2 and simple models of high density, high optical depth ionized gas regions (~1.8). This deviation is opposite in sense to the expected effect of reddening. No evidence is found in the spectrum for either the 3.3micron or 6.2micron emission features usually attributed to aromatic hydrocarbons in gas rich galaxies in the local Universe. This is consistent with the high luminosity AGN nature of APM08279+5255.

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arXiv2004

IRS observations of the LMC planetary nebula SMP83

The first observations of the infrared spectrum of the LMC planetary nebula SMP83 as observed by the recently launched Spitzer Space Telescope are presented. The high resolution R~600 spectrum shows strong emission lines but no significant continuum. The infrared fine structure lines are used, together with published optical spectra, to derive the electron temperature of the ionized gas for several ions. A correlation between the electron temperature with ionization potential is found. Ionic abundances for the observed infrared ions have been derived and the total neon and sulfur abundances have been determined. These abundances are compared to average LMC abundances of HII regions to better understand the chemical evolution of these elements. The nature of the progenitor star is also discussed.

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arXiv2004

Rest-Frame MIR Detection of an Extremely Luminous Lyman Break Galaxy with the Spitzer IRS

We present the first rest-frame ~4 micron detection of a Lyman break galaxy. The data were obtained using the 16 micron imaging capability of the Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph. The target object, J134026.44+634433.2, is an extremely luminous Lyman break galaxy at z=2.79 first identified in Sloan Digital Sky Survey spectra (Bentz, Osmer, & Weinberg 2004). The source is strongly detected with a flux of 0.94 +/- 0.02 mJy. Combining Spitzer and SDSS photometry with supporting ground-based J- and K-band data, we show that the spectral energy distribution is consistent with an actively star-forming galaxy. We also detect other objects in the Spitzer field of view, including a very red MIR source. We find no evidence of a strong lens amongst the MIR sources.

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arXiv2004

Imaging of High Redshift Submillimeter Galaxies at 16 and 22microns with the Spitzer/IRS: Revealing a population at z>2.5

We present broad band imaging observations obtained with the ``peak up'' imagers of the Spitzer Space Telescope Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) at wavelengths of 16micron and 22micron for a number of sources detected primarily at submillimeter wavelengths, which are believed to be at high, though undetermined, redshift. We targeted 11 sources originally detected by SCUBA and 5 submillimeter sources detected at 1.2mm by MAMBO. Two optically discovered quasars with z>6 were also observed to determine if there is detectable dust emission at such high redshifts. Seven of the submillimeter sources and both high-redshift quasars were detected, and upper limits of about ~50microJy apply to the remainder. Using their mid-/far-IR colors, we demonstrate that all of the submillimeter sources are at z>1.4. The mid-IR colors for two of our detections and three of our strong upper limits suggest that these galaxies must be at z>2.5. We also introduce a technique for estimating redshifts and source characteristics based only on the ratio of fluxes in the 16micron and 22micron images.

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