Improved Precipitation Variability in the Community Atmosphere Model through Implementation of a Neural-Network Deep Convection Scheme
Conventional deep convection schemes remain a primary source of uncertainty in global climate models, yet replacing them with data-driven alternatives while maintaining physical consistency and numerical stability is an open challenge. We present a hybrid configuration of the Community Atmosphere Model version 6 (CAM6), in which a fully connected deep neural network replaces the Zhang-McFarlane deep convection scheme (ZM), while radiation, turbulence, and other cloud processes are left unchanged. The network is trained on output from a storm-resolving global model - the global System for Atmospheric Modeling (gSAM) - using a coarse-graining approach to derive subgrid-scale convective fluxes and tendencies. This data-driven parameterization is ported to CAM6 and found to run stably for more than a decade while conserving energy and moisture. It produces a broadly realistic climatology without retuning the remaining parameterizations. Relative to the default Zhang-McFarlane scheme, the neural network parameterization substantially improves some long-standing model deficiencies. In particular, the biases in light precipitation and extreme precipitation are markedly reduced, and the diurnal cycle of tropical land precipitation shifts from a spurious midday peak over many regions to the observed late-afternoon peak. These results support targeted ML-based convection schemes as a viable path toward reducing systematic model errors in next-generation climate models.