arXiv subjects

Jan Gorzny

Publications and source records attributed to Jan Gorzny.

11 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Comparative Analysis of Cross-Chain Token Standards

Cross-chain token standards enable fungible tokens that exist across multiple blockchains with a unified total supply model. This paper presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of five leading cross-chain token standards and frameworks: the xERC20 standard (implementing ERC-7281), the Omnichain Fungible Token (OFT) standard, the Native Token Transfers (NTT) framework, the Cross-Chain Token (CCT) standard, and the SuperchainERC20 standard (implementing ERC-7802). We examine each standard's distinguishing properties and technical design, including architecture, message-passing mechanisms, interoperability scope, chain compatibility, and security features. Our analysis reveals that while all these standards share the goal of seamless cross-chain fungibility, they differ significantly in implementation approach, trust model, and target ecosystem.

cs.DC↗

arXiv2026

How to Serve Your Sandwich? MEV Attacks in Private L2 Mempools

We study the feasibility, profitability, and prevalence of sandwich attacks on Ethereum rollups with private mempools. First, we extend a formal model of optimal front- and back-run sizing, relating attack profitability to victim trade volume, liquidity depth, and slippage bounds. We complement it with an execution-feasibility model that quantifies co-inclusion constraints under private mempools. Second, we examine execution constraints in the absence of builder markets: without guaranteed atomic inclusion, attackers must rely on sequencer ordering, redundant submissions, and priority fee placement, which renders sandwiching probabilistic rather than deterministic. Third, using transaction-level data from major rollups, we show that naive heuristics overstate sandwich activity. We find that the majority of flagged patterns are false positives and that the median net return for these attacks is negative. Our results suggest that sandwiching, while endemic and profitable on Ethereum L1, is rare, unprofitable, and largely absent in rollups with private mempools. These findings challenge prevailing assumptions, refine measurement of MEV in L2s, and inform the design of sequencing policies.

cs.CR↗

arXiv2025

A Practical Rollup Escape Hatch Design

A rollup network is a type of popular "Layer 2" scaling solution for general purpose "Layer 1" blockchains like Ethereum. Rollups networks separate execution of transactions from other aspects like consensus, processing transactions off of the Layer 1, and posting the data onto the underlying layer for security. While rollups offer significant scalability advantages, they often rely on centralized operators for transaction ordering and inclusion, which also introduces potential risks. If the operator fails to build rollup blocks or propose new state roots to the underlying Layer 1, users may lose access to digital assets on the rollup. An escape hatch allows users to bypass the failing operator and withdraw assets directly on the Layer 1. We propose using a time-based trigger, Merkle proofs, and new resolver contracts to implement a practical escape hatch for these networks. The use of novel resolver contracts allow user owned assets to be located in the Layer 2 state root, including those owned by smart contracts, in order to allow users to escape them. This design ensures safe and verifiable escape of assets, including ETH, ERC-20 and ERC-721 tokens, and more, from the Layer 2.

cs.DC↗

arXiv2025

SoK: A Review of Cross-Chain Bridge Hacks in 2023

Blockchain technology has revolutionized industries by enabling secure and decentralized transactions. However, the isolated nature of blockchain ecosystems hinders the seamless transfer of digital assets across different chains. Cross-chain bridges have emerged as vital web3 infrastructure to address this challenge by facilitating interoperability between distinct blockchains. Cross-chain bridges remain vulnerable to various attacks despite sophisticated designs and security measures. The industry has experienced a surge in bridge attacks, resulting in significant financial losses. The largest hack impacted Axie Infinity Ronin Bridge, with a loss of almost \$600 million USD. This paper analyzes recent cross-chain bridge hacks in 2022 and 2023 and examines the exploited vulnerabilities. By understanding the attack nature and underlying weaknesses, the paper aims to enhance bridge security and propose potential countermeasures. The findings contribute to developing industry-wide standards for bridge security and operational resilience. Addressing the vulnerabilities and weaknesses exploited in recent cross-chain bridge hacks fosters trust and confidence in cross-chain interoperability.

cs.CR↗

arXiv2024

Instrumenting Transaction Trace Properties in Smart Contracts: Extending the EVM for Real-Time Security

In the realm of smart contract security, transaction malice detection has been able to leverage properties of transaction traces to identify hacks with high accuracy. However, these methods cannot be applied in real-time to revert malicious transactions. Instead, smart contracts are often instrumented with some safety properties to enhance their security. However, these instrumentable safety properties are limited and fail to block certain types of hacks such as those which exploit read-only re-entrancy. This limitation primarily stems from the Ethereum Virtual Machine's (EVM) inability to allow a smart contract to read transaction traces in real-time. Additionally, these instrumentable safety properties can be gas-intensive, rendering them impractical for on-the-fly validation. To address these challenges, we propose modifications to both the EVM and Ethereum clients, enabling smart contracts to validate these transaction trace properties in real-time without affecting traditional EVM execution. We also use past-time linear temporal logic (PLTL) to formalize transaction trace properties, showcasing that most existing detection metrics can be expressed using PLTL. We also discuss the potential implications of our proposed modifications, emphasizing their capacity to significantly enhance smart contract security.

cs.LO↗

arXiv2024

Temporarily Restricting Solidity Smart Contract Interactions

In this work we explore ways to restrict the ability to call Solidity smart contract functions for a specified duration. We describe methods to restrict functions from being called twice in the same transaction, block, or time period. This is related to the notion of non-reentrant functions, which are functions that can be called within a previous execution. These methods can be used to restrict interactions with entire sets of functions of smart contracts. We are motivated to revisit this topic for two reasons. First, we note that sixteen real-world smart contracts exploits in 2023 resulting in over $136M USD lost or stolen that could have been prevented by restricting function calls. As part of this survey, we dissect a new class of exploit that involves so-called read-only reentrancy: exploits that re-enter read-only functions to make smart contract state inconsistent in order to enable their exploitation. Second, while some of these approaches are simple, they may not always behave the same across different blockchains that support Solidity.

cs.CR↗

arXiv2024

Sequencer Level Security

Current blockchains do not provide any security guarantees to the smart contracts and their users as far as the content of the transactions is concerned. In the spirit of decentralization and censorship resistance, they follow the paradigm of including valid transactions in blocks without any further scrutiny. Rollups are a special kind of blockchains whose primary purpose is to scale the transaction throughput. Many of the existing rollups operate through a centrally operated sequencing protocol. In this paper, we introduce the Sequencer Level Security (SLS) protocol, an enhancement to sequencing protocols of rollups. This pioneering contribution explores the concept of the sequencer's capability to identify and temporarily quarantine malicious transactions instead of including them in blocks immediately. We describe the mechanics of the protocol for both the transactions submitted to the rollup mempool, as well as transactions originating from Layer one. We comment on topics such as trust and decentralization, and consider the security impact on the protocol itself. We implement a prototype of the SLS protocol, Zircuit, which is built on top of Geth and the OP stack. The SLS protocol described can be easily generalized to other rollup designs, and can be used for purposes other than security.

cs.CR↗

arXiv2024

A Rollup Comparison Framework

Rollups are a popular blockchain paradigm where one blockchain network is anchored to a different blockchain network, typically though smart contracts and data commitments. The rollup executes transactions on its own network and periodically publishes them along with the state root of the rollup network. The state root is determined to be final by a protocol, often enforced by smart contracts on the anchoring blockchain, which may let the state roots be challenged or verify an accompanying validity proof. While this core functionality is universal to existing rollups, these systems have introduced unique features as they vie for users and market dominance. In this paper, we aim to classify ways in which these rollups differ in order to establish a common ground of understanding. We explore various dimensions in which these system can differ: familiarity, finality time, modularity, and maturity. The result is a framework that can be used to understand and compare the properties of rollups.

cs.DC↗

arXiv2022

SoK: Not Quite Water Under the Bridge: Review of Cross-Chain Bridge Hacks

The blockchain ecosystem has evolved into a multi-chain world with various blockchains vying for use. Although each blockchain may have its own native cryptocurrency or digital assets, there are use cases to transfer these assets between blockchains. Systems that bring these digital assets across blockchains are called bridges, and have become important parts of the ecosystem. The designs of bridges vary and range from quite primitive to extremely complex. However, they typically consist of smart contracts holding and releasing digital assets, as well as nodes that help facilitate user interactions between chains. In this paper, we first provide a high level breakdown of components in a bridge and the different processes for some bridge designs. In doing this, we identify risks associated with bridge components. Then we analyse past exploits in the blockchain ecosystem that specifically targeted bridges.

cs.CR↗

arXiv2018

Partial Regularization of First-Order Resolution Proofs

Resolution and superposition are common techniques which have seen widespread use with propositional and first-order logic in modern theorem provers. In these cases, resolution proof production is a key feature of such tools; however, the proofs that they produce are not necessarily as concise as possible. For propositional resolution proofs, there are a wide variety of proof compression techniques. There are fewer techniques for compressing first-order resolution proofs generated by automated theorem provers. This paper describes an approach to compressing first-order logic proofs based on lifting proof compression ideas used in propositional logic to first-order logic. One method for propositional proof compression is partial regularization, which removes an inference $η$ when it is redundant in the sense that its pivot literal already occurs as the pivot of another inference in every path from $η$ to the root of the proof. This paper describes the generalization of the partial-regularization algorithm RecyclePivotsWithIntersection [10] from propositional logic to first-order logic. The generalized algorithm performs partial regularization of resolution proofs containing resolution and factoring inferences with unification. An empirical evaluation of the generalized algorithm and its combinations with the previously lifted GreedyLinearFirstOrderLowerUnits algorithm [12] is also presented

cs.LO↗

arXiv2015

End-vertices of LBFS of (AT-free) bigraphs

Lexicographic Breadth First Search (LBFS) is one of fundamental graph search algorithms that has numerous applications, including recognition of graph classes, computation of graph parameters, and detection of certain graph structures. The well-known result of Rose, Tarjan and Lueker on the end-vertices of LBFS of chordal graphs has tempted researchers to study the end-vertices of LBFS of various classes of graphs, including chordal graphs, split graphs, interval graphs, and asteroidal triple-free (AT-free) graphs. In this paper we study the end-vertices of LBFS of bipartite graphs. We show that deciding whether a vertex of a bipartite graph is the end-vertex of an LBFS is an NP-complete problem. In contrast we characterize the end-vertices of LBFS of AT-free bipartite graphs. Our characterization implies that the problem of deciding whether a vertex of an AT-free bipartite graph is the end-vertex of an LBFS is solvable in polynomial time. Key words: Lexicographic breadth first search, end-vertex, bipartite graphs, AT-free, proper interval bigraph, characterization, algorithm.

cs.DM↗