arXiv subjects

Janusz Matkowski

Publications and source records attributed to Janusz Matkowski.

15 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Perturbations of Cauchy differences

This paper investigates functional equations arising from perturbations of Cauchy differences. We study equations of the form \[ f(x+y)-f(x)-f(y)=B(x,y) \quad \text{or} \quad f(xy)-f(x)f(y) = B(x,y) \] where $B$ is a biadditive mapping, and also more general cases where the inhomogeneity depends on unknown functions \begin{align*} f(x+y)-f(x)-f(y)&= \alpha x y \\[2.5mm] f(x+y)-f(x)-f(y)&= \alpha (x y)\\[2.5mm] f(x+y)-f(x)-f(y)&= \alpha(x)\alpha(y). \end{align*} Our results extend previous work on the bilinearity of the Cauchy exponential difference by Alzer and Matkowski. We characterize solutions under various structural and regularity assumptions, including additive and exponential Cauchy differences, and show that solutions often reduce to additive functions, exponential polynomials, or combinations thereof. For Levi-Civita type equations, we provide explicit representations of solutions in terms of additive and exponential components. Furthermore, we determine conditions under which real-valued solutions exist and describe their forms. The paper concludes with open problems concerning generalized equations that cannot be solved by the methods presented here, suggesting directions for future research.

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arXiv2023

Subcommutativity of integrals and quasi-arithmetic means

Let $(X, \mathscr{L}, \lambda)$ and $(Y, \mathscr{M}, \mu)$ be finite measure spaces for which there exist $A \in \mathscr{L}$ and $B \in \mathscr{M}$ with either $0 < \lambda(A) < 1 < \lambda(X)$ and $0 < \mu(B) < \mu(Y)$, or the other way around. In addition, let $I \subseteq \mathbb{R}$ be a non-empty open interval, and suppose that $f,g\colon I \to \mathbb{R}_{+}$ are homeo\-morphisms with $g$ increasing. We prove that the functional inequality $$ f^{-1}\!\left(\int_X f\!\left(g^{-1}\!\left(\int_Y g \circ h\;d\mu\right)\right)d \lambda\right)\! \le g^{-1}\!\left(\int_Y g\!\left(f^{-1}\!\left(\int_X f \circ h\;d\lambda\right)\right)d \mu\right) $$ is satisfied by every $\mathscr{L} \otimes \mathscr{M}$-measurable simple function $h: X \times Y \to I$ if and only if $f=a g^b$ for some $a,b \in \mathbb{R}_{+}$ with $b\ge 1$. An analogous characterization is given for probability spaces.

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arXiv2021

Means in money exchange operations

It is observed that in some money exchange operations, the applied $n$ -variable mean $M$ should be self reciprocally-conjugate, i.e. it should satisfy the equality \[ M\left( x_{1},\ldots,x_{n}\right) M\left( \frac{1}{x_{1}},\ldots,\frac{1}{x_{n}} \right) =1,\quad x_{1},\ldots,x_{n}>0. \] The main result says that the only weighted quasiarithmetic mean satisfying this condition is the weighet geometric mean.

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arXiv2020

Invariant means, complementary averages of means, and a characterization of the beta-type means

We prove that whenever the selfmapping $(M_1,\dots,M_p)\colon I^p \to I^p$, ($p \in \mathbb{N}$ and $M_i$-s are $p$-variable means on the interval $I$) is invariant with respect to some continuous and strictly monotone mean $K \colon I^p \to I$ then for every nonempty subset $S \subseteq\{1,\dots,p\}$ there exists a uniquely determined mean $K_S \colon I^p \to I$ such that the mean-type mapping $(N_1,\dots,N_p) \colon I^p \to I^p$ is $K$-invariant, where $N_i:=K_S$ for $i \in S$ and $N_i:=M_i$ otherwise. Moreover \begin{equation*} \min(M_i\colon i \in S)\le K_S\le \max(M_i\colon i \in S). \end{equation*} Later we use this result to: (1) construct a broad family of $K$-invariant mean-type mappings, (2) solve functional equations of invariant-type, and (3) characterize Beta-type means.

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arXiv2020

Mean-type mappings and invariance principle

In the finite dimensional case, mean-type mappings, their invariant means, relations between the uniqueness of invariant means and convergence of orbits of the mapping, are considered. In particular it is shown, that the uniqueness of an invariance mean implies the convergence of all orbits. A strongly irregular mean-type mapping is constructed and its unique invariant mean is determined. An application in solving a functional equation is presented.

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arXiv2019

The logarithmic Cauchy quotient mean

Motivated by recent results on beta-type functions, a new family of means, which are of logarithmic Cauchy quotient type, are determined and characterized.

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arXiv2019

Invariant means and iterates of mean-type mappings

Classical result states that for two continuous and strict means $M,\,N \colon I^2 \to I$ ($I$ is an interval) there exists a unique $(M,N)$-invariant mean $K \colon I^2 \to I$, i.e. such a mean that $K \circ (M,N)=K$ and, moreover, the sequence of iterates $((M,N)^n)_{n=1}^\infty$ converge to $(K,K)$ pointwise. Recently it was proved that continuity assumption cannot be omitted in general. We show that if $K$ is a unique $(M,N)$-invariant mean then, under no continuity assumption, $(M,N)^n \to (K,K)$.

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arXiv2018

Invariance in a class of operations related to weighted quasi-geometric means

Let $I\subset (0,\infty )$ be an interval that is closed with respect to the multiplication. The operations $C_{f,g}\colon I^{2}\rightarrow I$ of the form \begin{equation*} C_{f,g}\left( x,y\right) =\left( f\circ g\right) ^{-1}\left( f\left( x\right) \cdot g\left( y\right) \right) \text{,} \end{equation*} where $f,g$ are bijections of $I$ are considered. Their connections with generalized weighted quasi-geometric means is presented. It is shown that invariance question within the class of this operations leads to means of iterative type and to a problem on a composite functional equation. An application of the invariance identity to determine effectively the limit of the sequence of iterates of some generalized quasi-geometric mean-type mapping, and the form of all continuous functions which are invariant with respect to this mapping are given. The equality of two considered operations is also discussed.

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arXiv2018

A new invariance identity and means

The invariance identity involving three operations $D_{f,g}:X\times X\rightarrow X$ of the form \begin{equation*} D_{f,g}\left( x,y\right) =\left( f\circ g\right) ^{-1}\left( f\left( x\right) \oplus g\left( y\right) \right) \text{,} \end{equation*} is proposed. The connections of these operations with means is investigated. The question when the invariance equality admits three means leads to a composite functional equation. Problem to determine its continuous solutions is posed.

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arXiv2017

Commutativity of integral quasi-arithmetic means on measure spaces

Let $(X, \mathscr{L}, \lambda)$ and $(Y, \mathscr{M}, \mu)$ be finite measure spaces for which there exist $A \in \mathscr{L}$ and $B \in \mathscr{M}$ with $0 < \lambda(A) < \lambda(X)$ and $0 < \mu(B) < \mu(Y)$, and let $I\subseteq \mathbf{R}$ be a non-empty interval. We prove that, if $f$ and $g$ are continuous bijections $I \to \mathbf{R}^+$, then the equation $$ f^{-1}\!\left(\int_X f\!\left(g^{-1}\!\left(\int_Y g \circ h\;d\mu\right)\right)d \lambda\right)\! = g^{-1}\!\left(\int_Y g\!\left(f^{-1}\!\left(\int_X f \circ h\;d\lambda\right)\right)d \mu\right)$$ is satisfied by every $\mathscr{L} \otimes \mathscr{M}$-measurable simple function $h: X \times Y \to I$ if and only if $f=c g$ for some $c \in \mathbf{R}^+$ (it is easy to see that the equation is well posed). An analogous, but essentially different, result, with $f$ and $g$ replaced by continuous injections $I \to \mathbf R$ and $\lambda(X)=\mu(Y)=1$, was recently obtained in [Indag. Math. 27 (2016), 945-953].

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arXiv2016

Homogeneous Beta-type functions

All beta-type functions, which are p-homogeneous, are determined. Applying this result, we show that a beta-type function is a homogeneous mean iff it is the harmonic one. A reformulation of a result due to Heuvers in terms of a Cauchy difference and the harmonic mean is given.

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arXiv2015

On the commutation of generalized means on probability spaces

Let $f$ and $g$ be real-valued continuous injections defined on a non-empty real interval $I$, and let $(X, \mathscr{L}, \lambda)$ and $(Y, \mathscr{M}, \mu)$ be probability spaces in each of which there is at least one measurable set whose measure is strictly between $0$ and $1$. We say that $(f,g)$ is a $(\lambda, \mu)$-switch if, for every $\mathscr{L} \otimes \mathscr{M}$-measurable function $h: X \times Y \to \mathbf{R}$ for which $h[X\times Y]$ is contained in a compact subset of $I$, it holds $$ f^{-1}\!\left(\int_X f\!\left(g^{-1}\!\left(\int_Y g \circ h\;d\mu\right)\right)d \lambda\right)\! = g^{-1}\!\left(\int_Y g\!\left(f^{-1}\!\left(\int_X f \circ h\;d\lambda\right)\right)d \mu\right)\!, $$ where $f^{-1}$ is the inverse of the corestriction of $f$ to $f[I]$, and similarly for $g^{-1}$. We prove that this notion is well-defined, by establishing that the above functional equation is well-posed (the equation can be interpreted as a permutation of generalized means and raised as a problem in the theory of decision making under uncertainty), and show that $(f,g)$ is a $(\lambda, \mu)$-switch if and only if $f = ag + b$ for some $a,b \in \mathbf R$, $a \ne 0$.

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arXiv2015

Characterization of generalized quasi-arithmetic means

In this paper we characterize generalized quasi-arithmetic means, that is means of the form $M(x_1,...,x_n):=(f_1+...+f_n)^{-1}(f_1(x_1)+...+f_n(x_n))$, where $f_1,...,f_n:I\to\mathbb{R}$ are strictly increasing and continuous functions. Our characterization involves the Gauss composition of the cyclic mean-type mapping induced by $M$ and a generalized bisymmetry equation.

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arXiv2015

Explicit solutions of the invariance equation for means

Extending the notion of projective means we first generalize an invariance identity related to the Carlson log given in a recent paper of P. Kahlig and J. Matkowski, and then, more generally, given a bivariate symmetric, homogeneous and monotone mean M, we give explicit formula for a rich family of pairs of M-complementary means. We prove that this method cannot be extended for higher dimension. Some examples are given and two open questions are proposed.

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arXiv2013

Uniform convexity of paranormed generalizations of $L^p$ spaces

For a measure space $(\Omega ,\Sigma ,\mu)$ and a bijective increasing function $\varphi :\left[ 0,\infty \right) \rightarrow \left[0,\infty \right)$ the $L^{p}$-like paranormed ($F$-normed) function space with the paranorm of the form $\mathbf{p}_{\varphi}(x)=\varphi ^{-1}\left(\int_{\Omega}\varphi \circ \left|x\right|d\mu \right)$ is considered. Main results give general conditions under which this space is uniformly convex. The Clarkson theorem on the uniform convexity of $L^{p}$-space is generalized. Under some specific assumptions imposed on $\varphi$ we give not only a proof of the uniform convexity but also show the formula of a modulus of convexity. We establish the uniform convexity of all finite-dimensional paranormed spaces, generated by a strictly convex bijection $\varphi$ of $[0, \infty)$. However, the {\it a contrario} proof of this fact provides no information on a modulus of convexity of these spaces. In some cases it can be done, even an exact formula of a modulus can be proved. We show how to make it in the case when $S={\mathbb R}^2$ and $\varphi$ is given by $\varphi(t)={\rm e}^t-1$.

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