arXiv subjects

Jean-François Louf

Publications and source records attributed to Jean-François Louf.

8 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Confinement-Connectivity Coupling Enables High-Efficiency Piezoionic Transduction

Piezoionic hydrogels offer a route to mechanically driven bioelectronic interfaces, but their output is limited by rapid, symmetric ion redistribution that dissipates charge gradients. In biological electrocytes, efficient signal generation arises from the coupling of ion selectivity with spatial confinement that regulates transport. Here, we introduce a confinement-connectivity design strategy for piezoionic hydrogels, implemented through a supramolecular poly(vinyl alcohol)-glycerol-cucurbit[5]uril (PVA-glycerol-CB[5]) mesoporous network with a layered Negative-Neutral-Positive architecture that simultaneously increases pore fraction while reducing characteristic pore size. This architecture constrains ionic redistribution while maintaining a large mobile-ion reservoir, enabling deformation-driven charge separation. Compression generates peak outputs of ~180 mV and ~9 mA and elicits synchronized electromyographic responses in the mouse sciatic nerve without external power. These results establish confinement-connectivity coupling, rather than bulk conductivity, as a materials design framework in which coupling pore connectivity and confinement governs piezoionic transduction.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗

arXiv2026

Universal Scaling of Freezing Morphodynamics in Polymer Solution Droplets

Freezing of complex fluids is central to a wide range of natural and technological processes, where the interplay between heat transport, solute redistribution, and interfacial deformation gives rise to complex morphologies. Unlike simple liquids, polymer solutions exhibit strongly coupled transport and rheological properties that evolve dynamically during solidification, making their freezing behavior difficult to predict. Here, we examine the freezing of polymer solution droplets spanning dilute to entangled regimes. We find that droplet morphology and freezing dynamics in viscous solutions are governed by a single dimensionless parameter, the Capillary--Lewis number, which captures the competition between viscous stresses, capillarity, and solute transport. Circularity, radial deformation, and freezing time collapse onto a master curve spanning nine orders of magnitude, revealing a transition near unity corresponding to the point at which solute diffusion can no longer relax concentration gradients ahead of the freezing interface. This collapse holds across distinct polymer chemistries within the viscous fluid regime, while deviations emerge when the material exhibits elastic-dominated response ($G' > G''$), indicating the breakdown of purely transport--capillary control. These results establish a minimal transport--mechanics framework linking solute redistribution to interfacial deformation during freezing polymer solutions.

cond-mat.soft↗

arXiv2024

Obstructed swelling and fracture of hydrogels

Obstructions influence the growth and expansion of bodies in a wide range of settings -- but isolating and understanding their impact can be difficult in complex environments. Here, we study obstructed growth/expansion in a model system accessible to experiments, simulations, and theory: hydrogels swelling around fixed cylindrical obstacles with varying geometries. When the obstacles are large and widely-spaced, hydrogels swell around them and remain intact. In contrast, our experiments reveal that when the obstacles are narrow and closely-spaced, hydrogels fracture as they swell. We use finite element simulations to map the magnitude and spatial distribution of stresses that build up during swelling at equilibrium in a 2D model, providing a route toward predicting when this phenomenon of self-fracturing is likely to arise. Applying lessons from indentation theory, poroelasticity, and nonlinear continuum mechanics, we also develop a theoretical framework for understanding how the maximum principal tensile and compressive stresses that develop during swelling are controlled by obstacle geometry and material parameters. These results thus help to shed light on the mechanical principles underlying growth/expansion in environments with obstructions.

cond-mat.soft↗

arXiv2023

Effect of confinement on the mechanics of a swelling hydrogel bead

We recast the problem of hydrogel swelling under physical constraints as an energy optimization problem. We apply this approach to compute equilibrium shapes of hydrogel spheres confined within a jammed matrix of rigid beads, and interpret the results to determine how confinement modifies the mechanics of swollen hydrogels. In contrast to the unconfined case, we find a spatial separation of strains within the bulk of the hydrogel as strain becomes localized to an outer region. We also explore the contact mechanics of the gel, finding a transition from Hertzian behavior to non-Hertzian behavior as a function of swelling. Our model, implemented in the Morpho shape optimization environment, can be applied in any dimension, readily adapted to diverse swelling scenarios and extended to use other energies in conjunction.

cond-mat.soft↗

arXiv2021

Microbial narrow-escape is facilitated by wall interactions

Cells have evolved efficient strategies to probe their surroundings and navigate through complex environments. From metastatic spread in the body to swimming cells in porous materials, escape through narrow constrictions - a key component of any structured environment connecting isolated micro-domains - is one ubiquitous and crucial aspect of cell exploration. Here, using the model microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, we combine experiments and simulations to achieve a tractable realization of the classical Brownian narrow escape problem in the context of active confined matter. Our results differ from those expected for Brownian particles or leaking chaotic billiards and demonstrate that cell-wall interactions substantially modify escape rates and, under generic conditions, expedite spread dynamics.

physics.bio-ph↗

arXiv2021

Under pressure: Hydrogel swelling in a granular medium

Hydrogels hold promise in agriculture as reservoirs of water in dry soil, potentially alleviating the burden of irrigation. However, confinement in soil can markedly reduce the ability of hydrogels to absorb water and swell, limiting their widespread adoption. Unfortunately, the underlying reason remains unknown. By directly visualizing the swelling of hydrogels confined in three-dimensional granular media, we demonstrate that the extent of hydrogel swelling is determined by the competition between the force exerted by the hydrogel due to osmotic swelling and the confining force transmitted by the surrounding grains. Furthermore, the medium can itself be restructured by hydrogel swelling, as set by the balance between the osmotic swelling force, the confining force, and intergrain friction. Together, our results provide quantitative principles to predict how hydrogels behave in confinement, potentially improving their use in agriculture as well as informing other applications such as oil recovery, construction, mechanobiology, and filtration.

cond-mat.soft↗

arXiv2020

Elastocapillary network model of inhalation

The seemingly simple process of inhalation relies on a complex interplay between muscular contraction in the thorax, elasto-capillary interactions in individual lung branches, propagation of air between different connected branches, and overall air flow into the lungs. These processes occur over considerably different length and time scales; consequently, linking them to the biomechanical properties of the lungs, and quantifying how they together control the spatiotemporal features of inhalation, remains a challenge. We address this challenge by developing a computational model of the lungs as a hierarchical, branched network of connected liquid-lined flexible cylinders coupled to a viscoelastic thoracic cavity. Each branch opens at a rate and a pressure that is determined by input biomechanical parameters, enabling us to test the influence of changes in the mechanical properties of lung tissues and secretions on inhalation dynamics. By summing the dynamics of all the branches, we quantify the evolution of overall lung pressure and volume during inhalation, reproducing the shape of measured breathing curves. Using this model, we demonstrate how changes in lung muscle contraction, mucus viscosity and surface tension, and airway wall stiffness---characteristic of many respiratory diseases, including those arising from COVID-19, cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and emphysema---drastically alter inhaled lung capacity and breathing duration. Our work therefore helps to identify the key factors that control breathing dynamics, and provides a way to quantify how disease-induced changes in these factors lead to respiratory distress.

physics.bio-ph↗

arXiv2018

Imbibition in plant seeds

We describe imbibition in real and artificial plant seeds, using a combination of experiments and theory. In both systems, our experiments demonstrate that liquid permeates the substrate at a rate which decreases gradually over time. Tomographic imaging of soy seeds is used to confirmed this by observation of the permeating liquid using an iodine stain. To rationalize the experimental data, we propose a model based on capillary action which predicts the temporal evolution of the radius of the wet front and the seed mass. The depth of the wetting front initially evolves as $t^{1/2}$ in accord with the Lucas-Washburn law. At later times, when the sphere is almost completely filled, the front radius scales as $(1-t/t_{\text{max}})^{1/2}$ where $t_{\text{max}}$ is the time required to complete imbibition. The data obtained on both natural and artificial seeds collapse onto a single curve that agrees well with our model, suggesting that capillary phenomena contribute to moisture uptake in soy seeds.

physics.bio-ph↗