arXiv subjects

Jennifer E. Starling

Publications and source records attributed to Jennifer E. Starling.

5 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2024

VCBART: Bayesian trees for varying coefficients

The linear varying coefficient models posits a linear relationship between an outcome and covariates in which the covariate effects are modeled as functions of additional effect modifiers. Despite a long history of study and use in statistics and econometrics, state-of-the-art varying coefficient modeling methods cannot accommodate multivariate effect modifiers without imposing restrictive functional form assumptions or involving computationally intensive hyperparameter tuning. In response, we introduce VCBART, which flexibly estimates the covariate effect in a varying coefficient model using Bayesian Additive Regression Trees. With simple default settings, VCBART outperforms existing varying coefficient methods in terms of covariate effect estimation, uncertainty quantification, and outcome prediction. We illustrate the utility of VCBART with two case studies: one examining how the association between later-life cognition and measures of socioeconomic position vary with respect to age and socio-demographics and another estimating how temporal trends in urban crime vary at the neighborhood level. An R package implementing VCBART is available at https://github.com/skdeshpande91/VCBART

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arXiv2024

Aggregate Bayesian Causal Forests: The ABCs of Flexible Causal Inference for Hierarchically Structured Data

This paper introduces aggregate Bayesian Causal Forests (aBCF), a new Bayesian model for causal inference using aggregated data. Aggregated data are common in policy evaluations where we observe individuals such as students, but participation in an intervention is determined at a higher level of aggregation, such as schools implementing a curriculum. Interventions often have millions of individuals but far fewer higher-level units, making aggregation computationally attractive. To analyze aggregated data, a model must account for heteroskedasticity and intraclass correlation (ICC). Like Bayesian Causal Forests (BCF), aBCF estimates heterogeneous treatment effects with minimal parametric assumptions, but accounts for these aggregated data features, improving estimation of average and aggregate unit-specific effects. After introducing the aBCF model, we demonstrate via simulation that aBCF improves performance for aggregated data over BCF. We anchor our simulation on an evaluation of a large-scale Medicare primary care model. We demonstrate that aBCF produces treatment effect estimates with a lower root mean squared error and narrower uncertainty intervals while achieving the same level of coverage. We show that aBCF is not sensitive to the prior distribution used and that estimation improvements relative to BCF decline as the ICC approaches one. Code is available at https://github.com/mathematica-mpr/bcf-1.

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arXiv2020

Targeted Smooth Bayesian Causal Forests: An analysis of heterogeneous treatment effects for simultaneous versus interval medical abortion regimens over gestation

We introduce Targeted Smooth Bayesian Causal Forests (tsBCF), a nonparametric Bayesian approach for estimating heterogeneous treatment effects which vary smoothly over a single covariate in the observational data setting. The tsBCF method induces smoothness by parameterizing terminal tree nodes with smooth functions, and allows for separate regularization of treatment effects versus prognostic effect of control covariates. Smoothing parameters for prognostic and treatment effects can be chosen to reflect prior knowledge or tuned in a data-dependent way. We use tsBCF to analyze a new clinical protocol for early medical abortion. Our aim is to assess relative effectiveness of simultaneous versus interval administration of mifepristone and misoprostol over the first nine weeks of gestation. The model reflects our expectation that the relative effectiveness varies smoothly over gestation, but not necessarily over other covariates. We demonstrate the performance of the tsBCF method on benchmarking experiments. Software for tsBCF is available at https://github.com/jestarling/tsbcf/.

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arXiv2019

Monotone function estimation in the presence of extreme data coarsening: Analysis of preeclampsia and birth weight in urban Uganda

This paper proposes a Bayesian hierarchical model to characterize the relationship between birth weight and maternal pre-eclampsia across gestation at a large maternity hospital in urban Uganda. Key scientific questions we investigate include: 1) how pre-eclampsia compares to other maternal-fetal covariates as a predictor of birth weight; and 2) whether the impact of pre-eclampsia on birthweight varies across gestation. Our model addresses several key statistical challenges: it correctly encodes the prior medical knowledge that birth weight should vary smoothly and monotonically with gestational age, yet it also avoids assumptions about functional form along with assumptions about how birth weight varies with other covariates. Our model also accounts for the fact that a high proportion (83%) of birth weights in our data set are rounded to the nearest 100 grams. Such extreme data coarsening is rare in maternity hospitals in high resource obstetrics settings but common for data sets collected in low and middle-income countries (LMICs); this introduces a substantial extra layer of uncertainty into the problem and is a major reason why we adopt a Bayesian approach. Our proposed non-parametric regression model, which we call Projective Smooth BART (psBART), builds upon the highly successful Bayesian Additive Regression Tree (BART) framework. This model captures complex nonlinear relationships and interactions, induces smoothness and monotonicity in a single target covariate, and provides a full posterior for uncertainty quantification. The results of our analysis show that pre-eclampsia is a dominant predictor of birth weight in this urban Ugandan setting, and therefore an important risk factor for perinatal mortality.

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arXiv2019

BART with Targeted Smoothing: An analysis of patient-specific stillbirth risk

This article introduces BART with Targeted Smoothing, or tsBART, a new Bayesian tree-based model for nonparametric regression. The goal of tsBART is to introduce smoothness over a single target covariate t, while not necessarily requiring smoothness over other covariates x. TsBART is based on the Bayesian Additive Regression Trees (BART) model, an ensemble of regression trees. TsBART extends BART by parameterizing each tree's terminal nodes with smooth functions of t, rather than independent scalars. Like BART, tsBART captures complex nonlinear relationships and interactions among the predictors. But unlike BART, tsBART guarantees that the response surface will be smooth in the target covariate. This improves interpretability and helps regularize the estimate. After introducing and benchmarking the tsBART model, we apply it to our motivating example: pregnancy outcomes data from the National Center for Health Statistics. Our aim is to provide patient-specific estimates of stillbirth risk across gestational age (t), based on maternal and fetal risk factors (x). Obstetricians expect stillbirth risk to vary smoothly over gestational age, but not necessarily over other covariates, and tsBART has been designed precisely to reflect this structural knowledge. The results of our analysis show the clear superiority of the tsBART model for quantifying stillbirth risk, thereby providing patients and doctors with better information for managing the risk of perinatal mortality. All methods described here are implemented in the R package tsbart.

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