arXiv subjects

Jingrui Li

Publications and source records attributed to Jingrui Li.

15 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2025

Design Rules for Optimizing Quaternary Mixed-Metal Chalcohalides

Quaternary mixed-metal M(II)2M(III)Ch2X3 chalcohalides are an emerging material class for photovoltaic absorbers that combines the beneficial optoelectronic properties of lead-based halide perovskites with the stability of metal chalcogenides. Inspired by the recent discovery of lead-free mixed-metal chalcohalides materials, we utilized a combination of density functional theory and machine learning to determine compositional trends and chemical design rules in the lead-free and lead-based materials spaces. We explored a total of 54 M(II)2M(III)Ch2X3 materials with M(II) = Sn, Pb, M(III) = In, Sb, Bi, Ch = S, Se, Te, and X = Cl, Br, I per phase (Cmcm, Cmc21 , and P21/c). The P21/c phase is the equilibrium phase at low temperatures, followed by Cmc21 and Cmcm. The fundamental band gaps in Cmcm and Cmc21 are smaller than those in P21/c, but direct band gaps are more common in Cmcm and Cmc21. The effective electron masses in P21/c are significantly larger compared to Cmcm and Cmc21, while the effective hole masses are nearly the same across all three phases. Using random forest regression, we found that the two electron acceptor sites (Ch and X) are crucial in shaping the properties of mixed-metal chalcohalide compounds. Furthermore, the electron donor sites (M(II) and M(III)) can be used to finetune the material properties to desired applications. These design rules enable precise tailoring of mixed-metal chalcohalide compounds for a variety of applications.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

arXiv2024

Effects of model size in density-functional-theory study of alloys: A case study of CsPbBr$_2$Cl

The primary challenge of density-functional-theory exploration of alloy systems concerns the size of computational model. Small alloy models can hardly exhibit the chemical disorder properly, while large models induce difficulty in sampling the alignments within the massive material space. We study this problem with the γ phase of the mixed halide inorganic perovskite alloy CsPbBr$_2$Cl. The distribution of alloy formation energy becomes narrower when the size of the model system increases along $\sqrt{2}\times\sqrt{2}\times2$, $2\times2\times2$, and $2\sqrt{2}\times2\sqrt{2}\times2$ models. This is primarily because the distribution of Br distribution parameters, which plays a leading role in determining the formation energy range, is more narrow for larger models. As a result, larger entropy stability effect can be observed with larger models especially at high temperatures, for which the approximation using mixing entropy based on the ideal solution model becomes better.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

arXiv2024

Mixed-halide perovskite alloys $\text{CsPb}(\text{I}_{1-x}^{}\text{Br}_x^{})_3^{}$ and $\text{CsPb}(\text{Br}_{1-x}^{}\text{Cl}_x^{})_3^{}$: New insight of configuration entropy effect from first principles and phase diagrams

Stability is one of the key issues in mixed-halide perovskite alloys which are promising in emergent optoelectronics. Previous density-functional-theory (DFT) and machine learning studies indicate that the formation-energy convex hulls of these materials are very shallow, and stable alloy compositions are rare. In this work, we revisit this problem using DFT with special focus on the effects of configuration and vibration entropies. Allowed by the $20$-atomic models for the $\text{CsPb}(\text{I}_{1-x}^{}\text{Br}_x^{})_3^{}$ and $\text{CsPb}(\text{Br}_{1-x}^{}\text{Cl}_x^{})_3^{}$ series, the partition functions and therewith thermodynamic state functions are calculated by traversing all possible mixed-halide configurations. We can thus evaluate the temperature- and system-dependent configuration entropy, which largely corrects the conventional approach based on the ideal solution model. Finally, temperature-composition phase diagrams that include $α$, $β$, $γ$ and $δ$ phases of both alloys are constructed based on the free energy data, for which the contribution of phonon vibrations is included.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

arXiv2023

Screening Mixed-Metal Sn$_2$M(III)Ch$_2$X$_3$ Chalcohalides for Photovoltaic Applications

Quaternary mixed-metal chalcohalides (Sn$_2$BCh$_2$X$_3$) are emerging as promising lead-free perovskite-inspired photovoltaic absorbers. Motivated by recent developments of a first Sn$_2$BCh$_2$X$_3$-based device, we used density functional theory to identify lead-free Sn$_2$BCh$_2$X$_3$ materials that are structurally and energetically stable within Cmcm, Cmc2$_1$ and P2$_1$/c space groups and have a band gap in the range of 0.7 to 2.0 eV to cover out- and indoor photovoltaic applications. A total of 27 Sn$_2$BCh$_2$X$_3$ materials were studied, including Sb, Bi, In for B-site, S, Se, Te for Ch-site and Cl, Br, I for X-site. We identified 12 materials with a direct band gap that meet our requirements, namely: Sn$_2$InS$_2$Br$_3$, Sn$_2$InS$_2$I$_3$, Sn$_2$InSe$_2$Cl$_3$, Sn$_2$InSe$_2$Br$_3$, Sn$_2$InTe$_2$Br$_3$, Sn$_2$InTe$_2$Cl$_3$, Sn$_2$SbS$_2$I$_3$, Sn$_2$SbSe$_2$Cl$_3$, Sn$_2$SbSe$_2$I$_3$, Sn$_2$SbTe$_2$Cl$_3$, Sn$_2$BiS$_2$I$_3$ and Sn$_2$BiTe$_2$Cl$_3$. A database scan reveals that 9 out of 12 are new compositions. For all 27 materials, P2$_1$/c is the thermodynamically preferred structure, followed by Cmc2$_1$. In Cmcm and Cmc2$_1$ mainly direct gaps occur, whereas mostly indirects in P2$_1$/c. To open up the possibility of band gap tuning in the future, we identified 12 promising Sn$_2$B$_{1-{a}}$B$'_{a}$Ch$_{2-{b}}$Ch$'_{b}$X$_{3-{c}}$X$_{c}$ alloys which fulfill our requirements and additional 69 materials by combining direct and indirect band gap compounds.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

arXiv2023

Structural disorder by octahedral tilting in inorganic halide perovskites: New insight with Bayesian optimization

Structural disorder is common in metal-halide perovskites and important for understanding the functional properties of these materials. First-principles methods can address structure variation on the atomistic scale, but they are often limited by the lack of structure-sampling schemes required to characterize the disorder. In this work, structural disorder in the benchmark inorganic halide perovskites CsPbI$_3^{}$ and CsPbBr$_3^{}$ is computationally studied in terms of the three octahedral-tilting angles. The consequent variation in energetics and properties are described by three-dimensional potential-energy surfaces (PESs) and property landscapes, delivered by Bayesian Optimization Structure Search method with integrated density-functional-theory (DFT) calculations. The rapid convergence of the PES with about 200 DFT data points in three-dimensional searches demonstrates the power of active learning and strategic sampling with Bayesian optimization. Further analysis indicates that disorder grows with increasing temperature, and reveals that the materials band gap at finite temperatures is a statistical mean over disordered structures.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

arXiv2022

Protective Coating Interfaces for perovskite Solar Cell Materials: A first Principles Study

The protection of halide perovskites is important for the performance and stability of emergent perovskite-based optoelectronic technologies. In this work, we investigate the potential inorganic protective coating materials ZnO, SrZrO3, and ZrO2 for the CsPbI3perovskite. The optimal interface registries are identified with Bayesian optimization. We then use semi-local density-functional theory (DFT) to determine the atomic structure at the interfaces of each coating material with the clean CsI-terminated surface and three reconstructed surface models with added PbI2and CsI complexes. For the final structures, we explore the level alignment at the interface with hybrid DFT calculations. Our analysis of the level alignment at the coating-substrate interfaces reveals no detrimental mid-gap states, but substrate-dependent valence and conduction band offsets. While ZnO and SrZrO3act as insulators on CsPbI3, ZrO2 might be suitable as electron transport layer with the right interface engineering.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

arXiv2021

Harvesting the triplet excitons of quasi-two-dimensional perovskite toward highly efficient white light-emitting diodes

Utilization of triplet excitons, which generally emit poorly, is always fundamental to realize highly efficient organic light-emitting diodes (LEDs). While triplet harvest and energy transfer via electron exchange between triplet donor and acceptor are fully understood in doped organic phosphorescence and delayed fluorescence systems, the utilization and energy transfer of triplet excitons in quasi-two-dimensional (quasi-2D) perovskite are still ambiguous. Here, we use an orange-phosphorescence-emitting ultrathin organic layer to probe triplet behavior in the sky-blue-emitting quasi-2D perovskite. The delicate white LEDs architecture enables a carefully tailored Dexter-like energy-transfer mode that largely rescues the triplet excitons in quasi-2D perovskite. Our white organic-inorganic LEDs achieve maximum forward-viewing external quantum efficiency of 8.6% and luminance over 15000 cd m-2, exhibiting a significant efficiency enhancement versus the corresponding sky-blue perovskite LED (4.6%). The efficient management of energy transfer between excitons in quasi-2D perovskite and Frenkel excitons in organic layer opens the door to fully utilizing excitons for white organic-inorganic LEDs.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2021

Surface reconstruction of tetragonal methylammonium lead triiodide

We present a detailed first-principles analysis of the (001) surface of methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI3). With density-functional theory we investigate the atomic and electronic structure of the tetragonal (I4cm) phase of MAPbI3. We analysed surfaces models with MAI- (MAI-T) and PbI2-terminations(PbI2-T). For both terminations, we studied the clean-surface and a series of surface reconstructions. We find that the clean MAI-T model is more stable than its PbI2-T counterpart. For the MAI termination,reconstructions with added or removed units of nonpolar MAI and PbI2 are most stable. The corresponding band structures reveal surface states originating from the conduction band. Despite the presence of such additional surface states, our stable reconstructed surface models do not introduce new states within the band gap.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

arXiv2020

Atomic and electronic structure of cesium lead triiodide surfaces

The (001) surface of the emerging photovoltaic material cesium lead triiodide (CsPbI3 ) is studied. Using first-principles methods, we investigate the atomic and electronic structure of cubic (α) and orthorhombic (γ) CsPbI3 . For both phases, we find that CsI-termination is more stable than PbI2-termination. For the CsI-terminated surface, we then compute and analyse the surface phase diagram. We observe that surfaces with added or removed units of nonpolar CsI and PbI2 are most stable. The corresponding band structures reveal that the α phase exhibits surface states that derive from the conduction band. The surface reconstructions do not introduce new states in the band gap of CsPbI3, but for the α phase we find additional surface states at the conduction band edge.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

arXiv2020

Impermeable Inorganic Walls Sandwiching Photoactive Layer toward Inverted Perovskite Solar and Indoor-Photovoltaic Devices

Interfaces between the perovskite active layer and the charge-transport layers (CTLs) play a critical role in both efficiency and stability of halide-perovskite photovoltaics. One of the major concerns is that surface defects of perovskite could cause detrimental nonradiative recombination and material degradation. In this work, we addressed this challenging problem by inserting ultrathin alkali-fluoride (AF) films between the tri-cation lead-iodide perovskite layer and both CTLs. This bilateral inorganic walls strategy makes use of both physical-blocking and chemical-anchoring functionalities of the continuous, uniform and compact AF framework: on the one hand, the uniformly distributed alkali-iodine coordination at the perovskite-AF interfaces effectively suppresses the formation of iodine-vacancy defects at the surfaces and grain boundaries of the whole perovskite film, thus reducing the trap-assisted recombination at the perovskite-CTL interfaces and therewith the open-voltage loss; on the other hand, the impermeable AF buffer layers effectively prevent the bidirectional ion migration at the perovskite-CTLs interfaces even under harsh working conditions. As a result, a power-conversion efficiency (PCE) of 22.02% (certified efficiency 20.4%) with low open-voltage deficit (< 0.4V) was achieved for the low-temperature processed inverted planar perovskite solar cells. Exceptional operational stability (500 h, ISOS-L-2) and thermal stability (1000 h, ISOS-D-2) were obtained. Meanwhile, a 35.7% PCE was obtained under dim-light source (1000 lux white LED light) with the optimized device, which is among the best records in perovskite indoor photovoltaics.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

arXiv2020

Boron doping in gallium oxide from first principles

We study the feasibility of boron doping in gallium oxide ($\text{Ga}_2\text{O}_3$) for neutron detection. $\text{Ga}_2\text{O}_3$ is a wide band-gap, radiation hard material which has potential for neutron detection if it can be doped with a neutron active element. We investigate the boron-10 isotope as a possible neutron active dopant. Intrinsic and boron induced defects in $\text{Ga}_2\text{O}_3$ are studied with semi-local and hybrid density-functional-theory calculations. We find that in growth conditions favourable for boron, boron substitutional defects are likely to form making boron doping of $\text{Ga}_2\text{O}_3$ feasible.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

arXiv2019

Database-driven high-throughput study for hybrid perovskite coating materials

We developed a high-throughput screening scheme to acquire candidate coating materials for hybrid perovskites. From more than 1.8 million entries of an inorganic compound database, we collected 93 binary and ternary materials with promising properties for protectively coating halide-perovskite photoabsorbers in perovskite solar cells. These candidates fulfill a series of criteria, including wide band gaps, abundant and non-toxic elements, water-insoluble, and small lattice mismatch with surface models of halide perovskites.

physics.app-ph↗

arXiv2018

Multi-scale model for the structure of hybrid perovskites: Analysis of charge migration in disordered MAPbI$_3$ structures

We have developed a multi-scale model for organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites (HPs) that applies quantum mechanical (QM) calculations of small HP supercell models to large coarse-grained structures. With a mixed quantum-classical hopping model, we have studied the effects of cation disorder on charge mobilities in HPs, which is a key feature to optimize their photovoltaic performance. Our multi-scale model parametrizes the interaction between neighboring methylammonium cations (MA$^+$) in the prototypical HP material, methylammonium lead triiodide (CH$_3$NH$_3$PbI$_3$, or MAPbI$_3$). For the charge mobility analysis with our hopping model, we solved the QM site-to-site hopping probabilities analytically and computed the nearest-neighbor electronic coupling energies from the band structure of MAPbI$_3$ with density-functional theory. We investigated the charge mobility in various MAPbI$_3$ supercell models of ordered and disordered MA$^+$ cations. Our results indicate a structure-dependent mobility, in the range of 50$-$66 cm$^2$V$^{-1}$s$^{-1}$, with the highest observed in the ordered tetragonal phase.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

arXiv2018

Multi-scale model for disordered hybrid perovskites: the concept of organic cation pair modes

We have studied the properties of the prototype hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite $\text{CH}_3^{}\text{NH}_3^{}\text{PbI}_3^{}$ using relativistic density functional theory (DFT). For our analysis we introduce the concept of $\text{CH}_3^{}\text{NH}_3^+$ "pair modes", that is, characteristic relative orientations of two neighboring $\text{CH}_3^{}\text{NH}_3^+$ cations. In our previous work [Phys. Rev. B \textbf{94}, 045201 (2016)] we identified two preferential orientations that a single $\text{CH}_3^{}\text{NH}_3^+$ cation adopts in a unit cell. The total number of relevant pairs can be reduced from the resulting 196 combinations to only 25 by applying symmetry operations. DFT results of several $2\!\times\!2\!\times\!2$ supercell models reveal the dependence of the total energy, band gap and band structure on the distribution of $\text{CH}_3^{}\text{NH}_3^+$ cations and the pair modes. We have then analyzed the pair-mode distribution of a series of $4\!\times\!4\!\times\!4$ supercell models with disordered $\text{CH}_3^{}\text{NH}_3^+$ cations. Our results show that diagonally-oriented $\text{CH}_3^{}\text{NH}_3^+$ cations are rare in optimized $\text{CH}_3^{}\text{NH}_3^{}\text{PbI}_3^{}$ supercell structures. In the prevailing pair modes, the $\text{C--N}$ bonds of the two neighboring $\text{CH}_3^{}\text{NH}_3^+$ cations are aligned approximately vertically. Furthermore, we fit the coefficients of a pair-mode expansion to our supercell DFT reference structures. The pair-mode model can then be used to quickly estimate the energies of disordered perovskite structures. Our pair-mode concept provides combined atomistic-statistical insight into disordered structures in bulk hybrid perovskite materials.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

arXiv2016

Atomic structure of metal-halide perovskites from first principles: The chicken-and-egg paradox of the organic-inorganic interaction

We have studied the prototype hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 and its three close relatives, CH3NH3SnI3, CH3NH3PbCl3 and CsPbI3, using relativistic density function theory. The long-range van der Waals (vdW) interactions were incorporated into the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) exchange-correlation functional using the Tkatchenko-Scheffler pairwise scheme. Our results reveal that hydrogen bonding, which is well described by the PBE functional, plays a decisive role for the structural parameters of these systems, including the position and orientation of the organic cation as well as the deformation of the inorganic framework. The magnitude of the inorganic-framework deformation depends sensitively on the orientation of the organic cation, and directly influences the stability of the hybrid perovskites. Our results suggest that the organic and the inorganic components complement each other: The low symmetry of the organic cation is the origin of the inorganic-framework deformation, which then aids the overall stabilization of the hybrid perovskite structure. This stabilization is indirectly affected by vdW interactions, which lead to smaller unit-cell volumes than in PBE and therefore modulate the interaction between the organic cation and the inorganic framework. The vdW-induced lattice-constant corrections are system dependent and lead to PBE+vdW lattice constants in good agreement with experiment. Further insight is gained by analysing the vdW contributions. In all iodide-based hybrid perovskites the interaction between the organic cation and the iodide anions provides the largest lattice-constant change, followed by iodine-iodine and the organic cation - heavy-metal cation interaction. These corrections follow an almost linear dependence on the lattice constant within the range considered in our study, and are therefore approximately additive.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗