arXiv subjects
Publications and source records attributed to Jitender Singh.
In this article, we propose a few sufficient conditions on polynomials having integer coefficients all of whose zeros lie outside a closed disc centered at the origin in the complex plane and deduce the irreducibility over the ring of integers.
There is an error in the main result. We provide an easy generalization to the irreducibility criterion in the title.
We prove the statement in the title using the connectedness of the interval in real line.
The classical Pythagoras theorem, binomial theorem, de Moivre's formula, and numerous other deductions are made using the uniqueness theorem for the initial value problems in linear ordinary differential equations.
For any two arithmetic functions $f,g$ let $\bullet$ be the commutative and associative arithmetic convolution $(f\bullet g)(k):=\sum_{m=0}^k \left( \begin{array}{c} k m \end{array} \right)f(m)g(k-m)$ and for any $n\in\mathbb{N},$ $f^n=f\bullet \cdots\bullet f$ be $n-$fold product of $f\in \mathcal{S}.$ For any $x\in\mathbb{C},$ let $\mathcal{S}_0=e$ be the multiplicative identity of the ring $(\mathcal{S},\bullet,+)$ and $\mathcal{S}_x(k):=\frac{\mathcal{B}_{x+1}(k+1)-\mathcal{B}_{1}(k+1)}{k+1},~x\neq 0$ denote the power sum defined by Bernoulli polynomials $\mathcal{B}_x(k)=B_k(x).$ We consider the sums of products $\mathcal{S}_x^N(k),~N\in\mathbb{N}_0.$ A closed form expression for $\mathcal{S}^N_x(k)(x)$ generalizing the classical Faulhaber formula, is derived. Furthermore, some properties of $α-$Euler numbers \cite{JS9}(a variant of Apostol Bernoulli numbers) and their sums of products, are considered using which a closed form expression for the sums of products of infinite series of the form $η_α(k):=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}α^n n^k,~0<|α|<1,~k\in\mathbb{N}_0$ and the related Abel sums, is obtained which in particular, gives a closed form expression for well known Bernoulli numbers. A generalization of the sums of products of power sums to the sums of products of alternating power sums is also obtained. These considerations generalize in a unified way to define sums of products of power sums for all $k\in\mathbb{N}$ hence connecting them with zeta functions.
Without assuming the field structure on the additive group of real numbers $\mathbb{R}$ with the usual order $<,$ we explore the fact that every proper subgroup of $\mathbb{R}$ is either closed or dense. This property of subgroups of the additive group of reals is special and well known (see Abels and Monoussos [4]). However, by revisiting it, we provide another direct proof. We also generalize this result to arbitrary topological groups in the sense that, any topological group having this property of the subgroups in a given topology is either connected or totally disconnected.
The Cauchy-type product of two arithmetic functions $f$ and $g$ on nonnegative integers is defined as $(f\bullet g)(k):=\sum_{m=0}^{k} {k\choose m}f(m)g(k-m)$. We explore some algebraic properties of the aforementioned convolution, which is a fundamental-characteristic of the identities involving the Bernoulli numbers, the Bernoulli polynomials, the power sums, the sums of products, henceforth.
A sequence of rational numbers as a generalization of the sequence of Bernoulli numbers is introduced. Sums of products involving the terms of this generalized sequence are then obtained using an application of the Faà di Bruno's formula. These sums of products are analogous to the higher order Bernoulli numbers and are used to develop the closed form expressions for the sums of products involving the power sums $\displaystyle Ψ_k(x,n):=\sum_{d|n}μ(d)d^k S_k(\frac{x}{d}), n\in\mathbb{Z}^+$ which are defined via the Möbius function $μ$ and the usual power sum $S_k(x)$ of a real or complex variable $x.$ The power sum $S_k(x)$ is expressible in terms of the well known Bernoulli polynomials by $\displaystyle S_k(x):=\frac{B_{k+1}(x+1)-B_{k+1}(0)}{k+1}.$